Animal Cell Lysosome Biography
Source:- Google.com.pk
lysosome, subcellular organelle that is found in all eukaryotic cells and is responsible for the cell’s digestion of macromolecules, old cell parts, and microorganisms. Each lysosome is surrounded by a membrane that maintains an acidic environment within the interior via a proton pump. Lysosomes contain a wide variety of hydrolytic enzymes (acid hydrolases) that break down macromolecules such as nucleic acids, proteins, and polysaccharides. These enzymes are active only in the lysosome’s acidic interior; their acid-dependent activity protects the cell from self-degradation in case of lysosomal leakage or rupture, since the pH of the cell is neutral to slightly alkaline. Lysosomes were discovered by the Belgian cytologist Christian René de Duve in the 1950s.
Lysosomes originate by budding off from the membrane of the trans-Golgi network, a region of the Golgi complex responsible for sorting newly synthesized proteins, which may be designated for use in lysosomes, endosomes, or the plasma membrane. The lysosomes then fuse with membrane vesicles that derive from one of three pathways: endocytosis, autophagocytosis, and phagocytosis. In endocytosis, extracellular macromolecules are taken up into the cell to form membrane-bound vesicles called endosomes that fuse with lysosomes. Autophagocytosis is the process by which old organelles are removed from a cell; they are enveloped by internal membranes that then fuse with lysosomes. Phagocytosis is carried out by specialized cells (e.g., macrophages) that engulf large extracellular particles such as dead cells or foreign invaders (e.g., bacteria) and target them for lysosomal degradation. Many of the products of lysosomal digestion, such as amino acids and nucleotides, are recycled back to the cell for use in the synthesis of new cellular components.
Lysosomal storage diseases are genetic disorders in which a genetic mutation affects the activity of one or more of the acid hydrolases. In such diseases, the normal metabolism of specific macromolecules is blocked and the macromolecules accumulate inside the lysosomes, causing severe physiological damage or deformity. Hurler’s syndrome, which involves a defect in the metabolism of mucopolysaccharides, is a lysosomal storage disease.
Cells are the smallest units of life. The vast majority of organisms today are made up of eukaryotic cells, which contain distinct, membrane-bound organelles and which contain a membrane-bound nucleus. Earlier organisms with no membrane-bound organelles and no definite nucleus are termed prokaryotic. Each type has its own distinct anatomy.
Contents [hide]
1 Organelles
1.1 Cell Membrane
1.2 Cell Wall
1.3 Centrioles
1.4 Cytoplasm
1.5 Chloroplasts
1.6 Cytoskeleton
1.7 Endoplasmic Reticulum
1.8 Golgi bodies
1.9 Lysosomes
1.10 Mitochondrion
1.11 Nucleus
1.12 Peroxisomes
1.13 Ribosomes
2 Prokaryotic Cells
3 Nucleoid
4 Ribosomes
5 Cell Covering
5.1 Cell Membrane
5.2 Cell Wall
5.3 Capsule
6 Inclusion Bodies
7 Cytoplasm
8 Flagella
9 Pili
10 Plasmid
Organelles[edit]
Plant cell structure svg.svg
The term "eukaryote" comes from the Greek (eu, "good", "true") and κάρυον](karyon, "nut").
Karyon refers to the nucleus of the cell, thus pointing out that every eukaryote must have the following characteristics:
Contain a membrane-bound nucleus
Be composed of membrane-bound organelles
Typically, eukaryotic cells are much larger and more complicated in comparison to prokaryotes. Eukaryotes are believed to have evolved from early prokaryotes through endosymbiosis (see endosymbiotic theory), roughly 1 billion years after the evolution of the first prokaryotes and archaea. The endosymbiotic relationship between modern mitochondria and chloroplasts, and their corresponding membrane arrangements, provides some of the strongest evidence for this theory. The following is an overview of the main organelles which make up the eukaryotic cell.
Cell Membrane[edit]
The cell membrane is used to allow some materials to enter and block others, and vice versa.
Cell Wall[edit]
The cell wall is a more or less solid layer surrounding a cell. They are found in bacteria, archea, fungi, plants, and algae. Animals and most other protists have cell membranes without surrounding cell walls. When a cell wall is removed using cell wall degrading enzymes, what is left of the cell and its surrounding plasma membrane is called a protoplast.
Cell sap is a dilute fluid that is found in the large central vacuole of many plant cells. It contains water, amino acids, glucose, and salts. The sap has many functions, such as storage of useful materials, and provides mechanical support for non-woody plants; it also helps plant-cells in the process of osmosis.
Centrioles[edit]
A centriole in biology is a barrel shaped microtubule structure found in most animal cells, and cells of fungi and algae though not frequently in plants. The walls of each centriole are composed of nine triplet microtubules or, in the case of Drosophila, nine doublet microtubules. The microtubules which make up the centriole are very stable and are acetylated. Centrioles are important in the cell division process, organizing the mitotic spindle upon which the chromosomes are pulled apart. Some animal cells may be able to divide their chromosomes without centrioles, for instance in female meiosis. Centrioles assist the cell through the process of mitosis and in male meiosis.
Cytoplasm[edit]
The cytoplasm includes everything within the cell, within the cell membrane, but excludes the nucleus. Cytosol makes up the liquid part of the cytoplasm, filling the intracellular space of the cell. It functions to provide a medium in which cellular reactions take place, as well as suspending organelles, and aiding in sensory transduction and signaling.
Chloroplasts[edit]
Chloroplasts are organelles found in plant cells and eukaryotic algae which conduct photosynthesis. They are similar to mitochondria but are found only in plants. Both organelles are surrounded by a double membrane with an intermembrane space; both have their own DNA and are involved in energy metabolism; and both have reticulations, or many foldings, filling their inner spaces. Chloroplasts convert light energy from the sun into ATP through a process called photosynthesis.
Cytoskeleton[edit]
The cytoskeleton is a cellular "scaffolding" or "skeleton" contained, as all other organelles, within the cytoplasm. It is a dynamic structure that maintains cell shape, enables some cell motion (using structures such as flagella and cilia), and plays important roles in both intra-cellular transport (the movement of vesicles and organelles, for example) and cellular division. The three types of cytoskeleton are microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules
Animal Cell Lysosome Animal Cell Model Diagram Project Parts Structure Labeled Coloring and Plant Cell Organelles Cake
Animal Cell Lysosome Animal Cell Model Diagram Project Parts Structure Labeled Coloring and Plant Cell Organelles Cake
Animal Cell Lysosome Animal Cell Model Diagram Project Parts Structure Labeled Coloring and Plant Cell Organelles Cake
Animal Cell Lysosome Animal Cell Model Diagram Project Parts Structure Labeled Coloring and Plant Cell Organelles Cake
Animal Cell Lysosome Animal Cell Model Diagram Project Parts Structure Labeled Coloring and Plant Cell Organelles Cake
Animal Cell Lysosome Animal Cell Model Diagram Project Parts Structure Labeled Coloring and Plant Cell Organelles Cake
Animal Cell Lysosome Animal Cell Model Diagram Project Parts Structure Labeled Coloring and Plant Cell Organelles Cake
Animal Cell Lysosome Animal Cell Model Diagram Project Parts Structure Labeled Coloring and Plant Cell Organelles Cake
Animal Cell Lysosome Animal Cell Model Diagram Project Parts Structure Labeled Coloring and Plant Cell Organelles Cake
Animal Cell Lysosome Animal Cell Model Diagram Project Parts Structure Labeled Coloring and Plant Cell Organelles Cake
Animal Cell Lysosome Animal Cell Model Diagram Project Parts Structure Labeled Coloring and Plant Cell Organelles Cake
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