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An Animal Cell Biography

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1. Biology 11 (Fundamentals of Biology I) ANIMALS: Form and FunctionLecturer: Ian Kendrich C. Fontanilla, Ph.D. Pav. IV, Room 4113Main References: (1) Biology by Campbell and Reece (2) Integrated Principles of Zoology by Hickman et al.

2. ANIMALS : Form and FunctionA. Animal Cell Types and TissuesB. Animal Systems and Processes 1. Support and Protection 2. Movement 3. Digestion and Nutrition 4. Gas Exchange 5. Transport/Circulation 6. Excretion and Osmoregulation 7. Regulatory Mechanisms

3. ANIMALS : Form and Function• Anatomy - the study of the biological form of an organism• Physiology - the study of the biological functions an organism performs• The comparative study of animals reveals that form and function are closely correlated

4. • Life is characterized by hierarchical levels of organization, each with emergent properties.

5. Levels of Organization in Organismal Complexity1. Protoplasmic grade of organization2. Cellular grade of organization3. Cell-tissue grade of organization4. Tissue-organ grade of organization5. Organ-system grade of organization

6. Levels of Organization in Organismal Complexity1. Protoplasmic grade of organization – unicellular organisms – all life functions are confined within the boundaries of a single cell – protoplasm is differentiated into organelles Paramecium

7. Levels of Organization in Organismal Complexity2. Cellular grade of organization – aggregation of cells that are functionally differentiated – a division of labor is evident Volvox

8. Levels of Organization in Organismal Complexity3. Cell-tissue grade of organization – aggregation of similar cells into definite patterns of layers, thus becoming a tissue

9. Levels of Organization in Organismal Complexity4. Tissue-organ grade of organization – an aggregation of tissues into organs Planaria

10. Levels of Organization in Organismal Complexity5. Organ-system grade of organization – organs work together to perform some function – systems are associated with basic body functions

11. Structural Organization in Higher FormsStructural Types/Kinds/Examples Field ofUnit StudyOrgan Integumentary Respiratory AnatomySystem Muscular Reproductive Skeletal Digestive Nervous Endocrine Circulatory Immune ExcretoryOrgan oral cavity brain Anatomy pharynx eye esophagus liver stomach kidney pancreas lung intestines anus

12. Structural Organization in Higher FormsStructural Types/Kinds/Examples Field ofUnit StudyTissue A.Somatic B. Reproductive Histology - epithelial - sperm - connective - egg/oocyte - muscular - nervousCell same as in tissue Cytology/Cel l Biology

13. Animal Cell Types

14. Four main categories of animal tissues1. Epithelial Tissue2. Connective Tissue3. Muscular Tissue4. Nervous Tissue

15. 1. Epithelial Tissue • covers the outside of the body and lines organs and cavities within the body • compact; occurs in sheets of tightly packed cells • little intercellular substance • polarized

16. 1. Epithelial Tissue• the free surface of the epithelium is exposed to air or fluid• structures on free surfaces: microvilli, cilia, flagella• Basement membrane• where the cells at the base of the barrier are attached• also called basal lamina

17. 1. Epithelial Tissue– cells are closely joined– animals have 3 main types of intercellular links:1. tight junctions2. desmosomes3. gap junctions

18. 1. Tight Junction Tight junction 0.5 µm • membranes of adjacent cells are fused, forming continuous belts around cells • prevent leakage of extracellular fluid across a layer of epithelial cells

19. 2. Desmosomes• fasten cells together into strong sheets, much like rivets• reinforced by intermediate filaments of keratin• attach muscle cells to each other in a muscle Desmosome 1 µm

20. 3. Gap Junction Gap junction 0.1 µm • provide cytoplasmic channels between adjacent cells • salt ions, sugar, amino acids, and other small molecules can pass through channels

21. 1. Epithelial TissueTypes according to layering: 1. simple epithelium - Made up of a single layer of cells 2. stratified epithelium - Made up of many layers of cells 3. pseudostratified epithelium - Made up of a single layer of cells but appears stratified

22. 1. Epithelial TissueTypes of epithelial cells according to shape:1. Cuboidal – like dice2. Squamous – flat like tiles3. Columnar – like bricks on end

23. Simple squamous epithelium • composed of flattened cells • form a continuous delicate lining of blood capillaries, lungs, and other surfaces • permits the passive diffusion of gases and tissue fluids into and out of cavities

24. Stratified squamous epithelium • consists of 2 to many layers of cells • adapted to withstand mild mechanical abrasion • basal layers of cells undergo continuous mitotic divisions • lines the oral cavity, esophagus, anal canal, vagina of mammals, skin

25. Simple cuboidal epithelium • short, boxlike cells collecting duct in kidney • usually lines small ducts and tubules • may have active secretory and absorptive functions

26. Simple columnar epithelium roof of mouth of toad• like cuboidal epithelium but cells are taller• found on highly absorptive surfaces such as intestinal tract and female reproductive tract• in some organs, cells may be ciliated

27. Stratified columnar epithelium salivary duct • consists of at least two layers of cells • found along some areas of the anorectal region and salivary duct

28. Transitional epithelium • a type of stratified epithelium • specialized to accommodate great stretching • found in the urinary tract and bladder

29. Glandular epithelia, absorb or secrete chemicalsolutions Types based on how products are released: a. exocrine (unicellular or multicellular) b. endocrine c. mixed (e.g., pancreas)

30. Special terms of some epithelial tissues: a. mesothelium – squamous cells lining serous cavities such as peritoneal and pleural cavities and lining of visceral organs b. endothelium – lining of blood and lymph vessels

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