tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-81223568333695047302024-03-12T23:13:01.196-07:00Animal Cell Model Diagram Project Parts Structure Labeled Coloring and Plant Cell Organelles Cakeeererhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13447706179354906582noreply@blogger.comBlogger99125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8122356833369504730.post-47383487285206030682014-03-20T00:34:00.003-07:002014-03-20T00:34:44.916-07:00Plant And Animal Cells For Kids Animal Cell Model Diagram Project Parts Structure Labeled Coloring and Plant Cell Organelles Cake<h2>
<span style="font-size: large;">Plant And Animal Cells For Kids Biography </span></h2>
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Source:- Google.com.pk</div>
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Plant Science Projects For Kids</div>
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Botany – Plant Science</div>
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Botany Courses</div>
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Botany Experiments</div>
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Cell Structure</div>
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Classifications</div>
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DNA from Plants</div>
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Environment</div>
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Flowers</div>
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Garden Projects</div>
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How Plants “Drink” Water</div>
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Trees</div>
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Botany Courses</div>
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Botany: An Introduction to Plant Biology</div>
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This educational site contains a variety of learning resources and student activities designed to assist in the study of Botany. Use site along with the book Botany: An Introduction to Plant Biology, Third Edition.</div>
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Great Plant Escape</div>
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An elementary plant science program for 4th and 5th grade students. Each of the lessons in this program is interdisciplinary, designed to introduce students to plant science and increase their understanding of how food grows.</div>
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Botany Experiments</div>
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Time lapse radish seeds sprouting, top and roots growing</div>
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Time lapse sequence. Amazing how fast the radishes grew. Music by Roland White [CD-Trying to Get to You]. Hope you enjoy.</div>
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Dress-for-Success Mulch</div>
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Tomatoes are partial to red, potatoes favor pale blue or white, and turnips don’t think orange is too bad.</div>
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Gardening Tips : Does Music Affect Plant Growth?</div>
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While there is no evidence that music affects plant growth, playing a favorite type of music may make gardening more fun and effective. Give attention to plants by playing music when gardening using tips from a sustainable gardener in this free video on plant care.</div>
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The Effect of Music on Plants</div>
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In 1973, a woman named Dorothy Retallack published a small book called The Sound of Music and Plants. Mrs. Retallack placed plants in each chamber and speakers through which she played sounds and particular styles of music. She watched the plants and recorded their progress daily. She was astounded at what she discovered.</div>
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Fun Science Fair Projects</div>
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Some ideas and methods to help make it easier for you to have a prize winning botany science project. From Janice Van Cleve.</div>
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Happy, dancing raisins</div>
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Remember the dancing raisins commercial on TV? No? Well it doesn’t matter anyway, they have absolutely nothing whatsoever to do with this experiment. Now, let’s make some raisins boogie!</div>
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Mummified Apple Recipe</div>
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Science is used in the study of how ancient Egyptians created mummies. Create a mummified apple. Does it last as long or longer than a fresh apple?</div>
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Plant Growth Experiments</div>
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The instructions here outline a protocol for conducting plant growth experiments in the laboratory. You may want to make adaptations for use in a greenhouse or outdoors.</div>
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Cell Structure</div>
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3D Plant Cell Project</div>
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All you need for your own 3D plant cell model is a few ordinary household objects. Additionally a few food items will be needed to illustrate the parts of the cell. We like to use Jell-O in our 3D cell model. Use the “Jigglers” recipe to make the cell stiff.</div>
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AP Biology Project–Cells </div>
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Olivia Halverson helps you understand plant and animal cells: how they are similar and different.</div>
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How to make an edible Plant Cell for Biology Science Project</div>
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Basically I had to make a plant cell and I didnt want to do the same thing everyone does… so I did it Betty Crocker Style!</div>
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Plant Cell Science Project</div>
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The following sample plant cell science project experiment is meant to give you ideas on how to perform experiments and arrange your project. Use this project to come up with ideas for your own experiments.</div>
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Plant Cell Structure</div>
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Plants are unique amongst the eukaryotes, organisms whose cells have membrane-enclosed nuclei and organelles, because they can manufacture their own food.</div>
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Classifications</div>
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Interviews with Plant Groups – Lesson starter</div>
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Great teaching resource I made using CrazyTalk software. A moss, conifer, flower, grass and fern all tel you about their features. Great for plant classification.</div>
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Classification of Plants & Animals</div>
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At any one time in history, there are millions of different kinds of plants and animals in the world. In 1753, a scientist in Sweden named Carolus Linnaeus thought of an orderly system for classifying plants and animals.</div>
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Fun Facts about Fungi</div>
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Penicillin can save lives. Truffles, found by pigs, are a delicacy. Did you know that ants farm fungi? These and other amazing facts.</div>
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Lichenland</div>
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Know that flat green stuff found on rocks? That’s lichen. Why should you care about learning about lichen? Check out this page for kids to find out.</div>
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Mold Terrarium</div>
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I mean really! Do you really have to PLAN to grow mold in a jar of old food? Just grab something that’s been in your fridg too long and make the observations.</div>
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DNA from Plants</div>
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How to extract DNA from anything living</div>
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Using your blender and an onion, here’s how you can extract some long strands of DNA.</div>
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Environment</div>
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Chaparral and Fire</div>
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When we say that plants are adapted to fire, we mean that the plants actually need fire as part of their lives, and that the plant species could die out if fire didn’t occur. Sounds a little strange, doesn’t it? Why would plants have anything to do with fire?</div>
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The Dirt on Soil</div>
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This is a world where fungi lay traps for thread-like worms. Bacteria dine on toxic chemicals. The smaller the creature, the stranger are its habits. Take an interactive journey into the dirt beneath your feet.</div>
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Natural History for Bell County Texas</div>
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Presented here are some of the things in nature that I have observed and captured as images. Hopefully this will help motivate others to make their own observations. Most of the material presented is from Central Texas in the vicinity of Bell County, but much of the material applies world wide.</div>
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Flowers</div>
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Gardening Tips : Collecting Seeds From Flowers</div>
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Collect seeds from flowers by waiting until the plant is done blooming and then gather the seed pods before it starts to rain and freeze at night. Hold on to seeds until they can be planted in the spring and save money on expensive seeds with gardening tips from a sustainable gardener in this free video on plant care.</div>
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Northwest Coloring Book Common Names Index</div>
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Just click on the common name to go to the page with the correct drawings. Here’s another page with the wildflowers of Texas.</div>
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The Structure of Flowers</div>
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Some flowers are tiny and hard to see: others are showy and flamboyant, like orchids and roses. Some flowers grow in clusters, some bloom alone. All flowers, however, have a protected ovary to contain the seeds, and stamens to produce the pollen.</div>
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Why Do Plants Have Flowers?</div>
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Flowers are used by a plant to have kids….er…..seeds, and new baby plants. Simple, yet lovely illustrations to show flower parts and how insects help pollenate flowers. Delightfully written.</div>
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How Plants “Drink” Water</div>
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Celery Stalks at Midnight</div>
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Did you ever wonder how a paper towel can soak up a spill, or how water gets from a plant’s roots to its leaves? The name for this is “capillary action.”</div>
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Extracting life from a plant</div>
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OK Reeko, so how do plants take in water, I’ve never seen them slurping it up with a straw? This experiment should shed some light on this question.</div>
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Spineless Potatoes</div>
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In this experiment we will introduce you to a principle called osmosis. Using simple household items we will demonstrate what osmosis (the natural passage or diffusion of water — or other liquids — through a semi permeable membrane,) is and how it works.</div>
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eererhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13447706179354906582noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8122356833369504730.post-28148185139854592242014-03-19T23:53:00.001-07:002014-03-19T23:53:25.597-07:00Animal Cell Structure And Function Animal Cell Model Diagram Project Parts Structure Labeled Coloring and Plant Cell Organelles Cake<h2>
<span style="font-size: large;">Animal Cell Structure And Function Biography</span></h2>
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Source:- Google.com.pk</div>
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The development of a fertilized egg into a newborn child requires an average of 41 rounds of mitosis (241 = 2.2 x 1012). During this period, the cells produced by mitosis enter different pathways of differentiation; some becoming blood cells, some muscle cells, and so on.</div>
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There are more than 100 visibly-distinguishable kinds of differentiated cells in the vertebrate animal. These are organized into tissues; the tissues into organs. Groups of organs make up the various systems — digestive, excretory, etc. — of the body.</div>
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The actual number of differentiated cell types is surely much larger than 100.</div>
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All lymphocytes, for example, look alike but actually represent a variety of different functional types, e.g., B cells, T cells of various subsets.</div>
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The neurons of the central nervous system must exist in a thousand or more different functional types, each representing the result of a particular pathway of differentiation.</div>
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This page will give a brief introduction to the major types of animal tissues. The links along the left side of the figure will take you directly to the individual paragraphs indicated.</div>
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Epithelial<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></div>
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Muscle</div>
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Connective</div>
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Nerve</div>
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Blood</div>
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1. Epithelial</div>
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Epithelial tissue is made of closely-packed cells arranged in flat sheets. Epithelia form the surface of the skin, line the various cavities and tubes of the body, and cover the internal organs.</div>
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Subsets of Epithelia</div>
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Epithelia that form the interface between the internal and external environments.</div>
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Skin as well as the lining of the mouth and nasal cavity. These are derived from ectoderm.</div>
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Inner lining of the GI tract, lungs, urinary bladder, exocrine glands, vagina and more. These are derived from endoderm.</div>
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The apical surface of these epithelial cells is exposed to the "external environment", the lumen of the organ or the air. [View example]</div>
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Mesothelia. These are derived from mesoderm.</div>
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pleura — the outer covering of the lungs and the inner lining of the thoracic (chest) cavity.</div>
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peritoneum — the outer covering of all the abdominal organs and the inner lining of the abdominal cavity.</div>
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pericardium — the outer lining of the heart.</div>
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Endothelia. The inner lining of the heart, all blood and lymphatic vessels — derived from mesoderm.</div>
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The basolateral surface of all epithelia is exposed to the internal environment (ECF). The entire sheet of epithelial cells is attached to a layer of extracellular matrix that is called the basement membrane or, better (because it is not a membrane in the biological sense), the basal lamina. [View example]</div>
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View showing relationship between the apical and basolateral surfaces of epithelial cells and how they maintain their distinction.</div>
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The function of epithelia always reflects the fact that they are boundaries between masses of cells and a cavity or space. Some examples:</div>
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The epithelium of the skin protects the underlying tissues from</div>
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mechanical damage</div>
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ultraviolet light</div>
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dehydration</div>
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invasion by bacteria</div>
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The columnar epithelium of the intestine</div>
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secretes digestive enzymes into the intestine;</div>
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absorbs the products of digestion from it.</div>
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An epithelium also lines our air passages and the alveoli of the lungs. It secretes mucus which keeps it from drying out and traps inhaled dust particles. Most of its cells have cilia on their apical surface that propel the mucus with its load of foreign matter back up to the throat.</div>
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2. Muscle</div>
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Three kinds of muscle are found in vertebrates:</div>
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Skeletal muscle is made of long fibers whose contraction provides the force of locomotion and other voluntary body movements.</div>
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Smooth muscle lines the walls of the hollow structures of the body, such as the intestine, urinary bladder, uterus, and blood vessels. Its contraction, which is involuntary, reduces the size of these hollow organs.</div>
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The heart is made of cardiac muscle.</div>
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Link to page devoted to the structure and properties of the three kinds of muscles.</div>
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3. Connective</div>
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The cells of connective tissue are embedded in a great amount of extracellular material. This matrix is secreted by the cells. It consists of protein fibers embedded in an amorphous mixture of protein-polysaccharide ("proteoglycan") molecules.</div>
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Supporting connective tissue</div>
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Gives strength, support, and protection to the soft parts of the body.</div>
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cartilage. Example: the outer ear</div>
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bone. The matrix of bone contains collagen fibers and mineral deposits. The most abundant mineral is calcium phosphate, although magnesium, carbonate, and fluoride ions are also present. [More on bone]</div>
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Dense connective tissue</div>
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Often called fibrous connective tissue.</div>
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Tendons connect muscle to bone. [View] The matrix is principally Type I collagen, and the fibers are all oriented parallel to each other. Tendons are strong but not elastic.</div>
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Ligaments attach one bone to another. They contain both collagen and also the protein elastin. Elastin permits ligaments to be stretched.</div>
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Loose connective tissue</div>
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It is distributed throughout the body. It serves as a packing and binding material for most of our organs. Sheets of loose connective tissue that bind muscles and other structures together are called fascia. Collagen, elastin, and other proteins are found in the matrix of loose connective tissue.</div>
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Both dense and loose connective tissue are derived from cells called fibroblasts [View], which secrete the extracellular matrix.</div>
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Adipose tissue</div>
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Adipose tissue is "fat". There are two kinds found in mammals:</div>
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white adipose tissue (WAT) in which the cells, called adipocytes, have become almost filled with oil. The oil is confined within a single membrane-enclosed droplet. Virtually all of the "fat" in adult humans is white adipose tissue.</div>
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brown adipose tissue (BAT) in which the adipocytes contain many small droplets of oil as well as many mitochondria.</div>
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White adipose tissue and brown adipose tissue differ in function as well as cellular structure. These differences are described on a separate page. Link to it.</div>
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New adipocytes in white adipose tissue are formed throughout life from a pool of precursor cells. These are needed to replace those that die (after an average life span of 10 years). Whether the total number of these adipocytes increases in humans becoming fatter as adults is still uncertain. If not, why do so many of us get fatter as we age? Because of the increased size of individual adipocytes as they become filled with oil.</div>
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The adipocytes of white adipose tissue secrete several hormones, including leptin and adiponectin.</div>
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4. Nerve</div>
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Nerve tissue is composed of</div>
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nerve cells called neurons and</div>
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glial cells.</div>
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Neurons</div>
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Neurons are specialized for the conduction of nerve impulses. A typical neuron consists of</div>
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a cell body which contains the nucleus;</div>
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a number of short fibers — dendrites — extending from the cell body</div>
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a single long fiber, the axon.</div>
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The nerve impulse is conducted along the axon.</div>
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Link to a page devoted to neuron structure.</div>
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The tips of axons meet:</div>
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other neurons at junctions called synapses</div>
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Link to a page describing the properties of synapses.</div>
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muscles (called neuromuscular junctions)</div>
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Link here to a page describing the neuromuscular junction.</div>
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glands</div>
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Link here to a page describing how neurons work.</div>
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Link here to a page describing the types and organization of neurons in the peripheral nervous system.</div>
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Glia</div>
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Glial cells surround neurons. Once thought to be simply support for neurons (glia = glue), they turn out to serve several important functions.</div>
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There are three types:</div>
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Schwann cells. These produce the myelin sheath that surrounds many axons in the peripheral nervous system.</div>
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Oligodendrocytes. These produce the myelin sheath that surrounds many axons in the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord).</div>
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Astrocytes. These — often star-shaped — cells are clustered around synapses and the nodes of Ranvier where they perform a variety of functions:</div>
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modulating the activity of neurons [An example] [Another example];</div>
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supplying neurons with materials (e.g. glucose and lactate) as well as some signaling molecules;</div>
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regulating the flow of blood to their region of the brain. It is primarily the metabolic activity of astrocytes that is being measured in brain imaging by positron-emission tomography (PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).</div>
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pruning away (by phagocytosis) weak synapses.</div>
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In addition, the central nervous system contains many microglia — mobile cells (macrophages) that respond to damage (e.g., from an infection) by</div>
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engulfing cell debris</div>
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secreting inflammatory cytokines like tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) and interleukin-1 (IL-1)</div>
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Microglia are also active in the healthy brain, at least in young mice where, like astrocytes, they engulf synapses thus reducing the number of synapses in the developing brain.</div>
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eererhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13447706179354906582noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8122356833369504730.post-18673987193452414932014-03-19T23:43:00.001-07:002014-03-19T23:43:31.727-07:00About Animal Cells Animal Cell Model Diagram Project Parts Structure Labeled Coloring and Plant Cell Organelles Cake<h2>
<span style="font-size: large;">About Animal Cells Biography </span></h2>
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Recent Advances in Biotechnology</div>
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NATO ASI Series Volume 210, 1992, pp 243-261</div>
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Bioreactors for Animal Cell Cultivation</div>
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Wei-Shou Hu</div>
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Abstract</div>
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Animal cell processes are primarily used for the production of proteins and viral vaccines of relatively high value. Recent advancements in animal cell bioreactor are reviewed. Most previous concerns about the potential difficulties in scaling-up animal cell processes have been alleviated by the developments in bioreactors. A new challenge is the development of kinetic models for the optimization and control of these animal cell based process</div>
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Title</div>
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Bioreactors for Animal Cell Cultivation</div>
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Book Title</div>
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Recent Advances in Biotechnology</div>
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Section 1</div>
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Pages</div>
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pp 243-261</div>
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Copyright</div>
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1992</div>
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DOI</div>
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10.1007/978-94-011-2468-3_11</div>
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978-94-010-5089-0</div>
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978-94-011-2468-3</div>
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NATO ASI Series</div>
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210</div>
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Series E: Applied Sciences</div>
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0168-132X</div>
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Springer Netherlands</div>
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1. Department of Chemical Engineering, Ege University</div>
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2. Biotechnology Centre and Department of Food Engineering, Ege University</div>
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Wei-Shou Hu (3)</div>
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eererhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13447706179354906582noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8122356833369504730.post-57889938234648147502014-03-19T23:23:00.000-07:002014-03-19T23:23:06.138-07:00Edible Animal Cell Animal Cell Model Diagram Project Parts Structure Labeled Coloring and Plant Cell Organelles Cake<h2>
<span style="font-size: large;">Edible Animal Cell Biography</span></h2>
<div>
Source:- Google.com.pk</div>
<div>
<div>
Problem: What are organelles? What organelles are found in a cell (plant/animal)? What are the functions of those organelles?</div>
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<br /></div>
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Hypothesis: _____________________________________________________________</div>
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<br /></div>
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Materials: * 2 blue or green pieces of fruit roll up .. Golgi Bodies * 2 red or yellow pieces of fruit roll up .. Endoplasmic Reticulum * 1 teaspoon of round cake sprinkles .. Ribosomes * 4 hot tamales .. Mitochondria * 4 chocolate covered raisins .. Vacuoles * 1Jello/Knox mixture in plastic cup * 1 paper plate * 1 small Dixie cup full of cell parts (organelle) materials * 1 plastic knife * 1 plastic spoon</div>
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Procedures:</div>
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1. Getting the Jello Ready (Bill Cosby Impressions are encouraged!) Follow the package directions to mix up batches of Jello gelatin mix. Pick a light colored flavor. Every 6 oz package will make up 4 or 5 cells. Add some unflavored Knox gelatin to the Jello to make it set up a little stiffer (just regular Jello fell apart during our first test). Pour the Jello/Knox mixture into individual 9 oz Solo brand plastic cups until they are about two-thirds full. Put them into a refrigerator to set. This is the end of today's work. Make sure to label your cups! You are going make 2 cells (one animal cell and one plant cell.)</div>
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2. Day Two time to eat! Remove the Jello from the plastic cup onto the paper plate. We had some problem with this. The students may need to run the knife around the very outside edge of the Jello to loosen it. There are some suggestions that you might spray the cup with Pam or some other non-stick material. We did not get a chance to try this yet. Running warm water over the cup may also loosen the Jello.</div>
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3. Cut the Jello/Knox in half and remove the top half. Turn over the top and set it on the plate beside the bottom half</div>
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4. Use the spoon to dig out a hole in the bottom half of the Jello/Knox cytoplasm . Just pushing the food pieces into the Jello causes it to crack and come apart, making for a very messy cell. Place the gumball in this hole to represent the nucleus of the cell.</div>
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5. Using the spoon to make spaces and your diagram as a guide, place the other cell parts into the cell. Parts can be put into both the top and bottom half of the Jello/Knox cell</div>
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6. Take the top part of the cell and carefully place it on the top. If the cell feels soft, you can put the parts back into the plastic cup, then turn it over onto the paper plate. Then carefully remove the plastic cup.</div>
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7. After reviewing the parts one final time, those students who wish to can feast on their cell. Please use clean spoons in case the spoon you were working with fell on the floor or the table.</div>
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You can make an edible animal cell model out of many types of food. You can create a pizza, using different toppings to represent the organelles. You can also create a candy animal cell model with gummy worms, M&Ms, and other types of candy as organelles.</div>
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<div>
1 Additional Answer</div>
<div>
Cells </div>
<div>
Nucleus Source</div>
<div>
Cells are the structural and functional units of all living organisms. Some organisms, such as bacteria, are unicellular, consisting of a single cell. Other organisms, such as humans, are multicellular, or have many cells—an estimated 100,000,000,000,000 cells... More »</div>
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see also: Interactive Cell Diagram · Cell Quizzes</div>
<div>
Organelles: </div>
<div>
Q&A Related to "Edible Animal Cell Model?"</div>
<div>
How to Make an Edible Animal Cell Model.</div>
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1. Reference the animal cell diagram and assign a type of candy to represent each part of the cell. 2. Line the glass bowl with unraveled fruit roll-ups, to represent the cell membrane</div>
<div>
http://www.ehow.com/how_7717538_make-edible-animal... </div>
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How to Make An Animal Cell Model?</div>
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The best way to make animal cell model is to use gelatin. Get clear (non flavored) or a light color, such as yellow. To show the cell parts use edible items like gummy bears, raisins</div>
<div>
http://answers.ask.com/Science/Biology/how_to_make... </div>
<div>
How can you make a edible animal cell model?</div>
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You can use jello for the cytoplasm, and use things such as canned peaches, pears, or jelly beans for the organelles.</div>
<div>
http://wiki.answers.com/Q/How_can_you_make_a_edibl... </div>
<div>
How to make an edible model of an animal cell?</div>
<div>
make a cake with icing as cytoplasm, different colored icing as cell membrane, small pieces of licorice as ribosomes, jelly beans as mitochondria, whopper cut 1/2 as lysosome, frui</div>
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eererhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13447706179354906582noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8122356833369504730.post-32130061796926510722014-03-19T23:14:00.000-07:002014-03-19T23:14:11.030-07:00Information About Animal Cell Animal Cell Model Diagram Project Parts Structure Labeled Coloring and Plant Cell Organelles Cake<h2>
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Information About Animal Cell Biography </b></span></h2>
<div>
Source:- Google.com.pk</div>
<div>
<div>
A biome is a geographical area that is very large in size. Each of these geographical areas has certain groups of animals and plants that are present within it. They are able to thrive there due to their ability to adapt in that particular type of environment. The changes in a region such as the climate and the geographic layout affect which biomes are found where in the world. The classifications are plentiful to help break them down.</div>
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Types of Biomes in the World</div>
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Tundra Biome</div>
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Desert Biome</div>
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Taiga Biome</div>
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Tropical Rainforest Biome</div>
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Chaparral Biome</div>
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Coral Reef Biome</div>
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Freshwater Biome</div>
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Grassland Biome</div>
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Ocean Biome</div>
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Savanna Biome</div>
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Temperate Deciduous Forest Biome</div>
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Wetland Biome</div>
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Conservation of Biomes</div>
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Types of Biomes Video! </div>
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You will find biomes that fit the classification of grasslands, tundra, forests and deserts. Those are all biomes found on land. However, you will also find numerous geographical areas that contain biomes of that consist of aquatic environments. It is very interesting to explore the different ecosystems that are found within any one biome. They are all dependent on each other in various ways.</div>
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Biomes Facts</div>
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Biomes Facts and Information</div>
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As there are changes that occur regarding the climate or the environment of a biome, those plants and animals that live within it can be threatened. This is why so many of them are able to adapt to the changes so that they can continue to survive. Unfortunately though not all of them are always able to adapt in such a manner so they die out.</div>
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It is amazing to explore the way in which these biomes affect everything in the environment. When there are too many of any plant or animal they can end up fighting for their survival. If there is too little of any given plant or animal then those that depend on it for food may have a hard time surviving. The circle of life that is part of any biome is very complex. What affects one living thing within it will affect all of them on some level.</div>
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That is why it is so important to learn about biomes. Relaxing how human actions can upset the natural balance of things can help with important decisions. There are so many different living things out there. Many of them most of us have very little knowledge of. However, they are just as important as those that are well known. Some of these living things are very large and others are extremely small. However, they are also very dependent on each other.</div>
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There are many issues that come into play for a category of biome to be recognized in a given environment. The climate of that location is closely evaluated. There can be many variables that affect the climate. Different seasons and times of the year also bring in new changes for any given environment and climate.</div>
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The geographic layout of a particular area is going to affect the biomes that are found there. The vegetation is important to explore. What is fascinating is discovering the types of adaptations that a living plant or animal goes though in order to continue thriving in a given biome. In spite of various changes that occur there, they are able to continue living.</div>
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It is very important to understand what these adaptations are. They aren’t just in regards to the physical location of where living things are found either. Instead, they also include the changes in behaviors that occur. Those behaviors are also key indicators for how a living thing is able to adapt.</div>
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Since plants and animals are two different entities, it is important to break them down and look at each side of them. These make up the various biomes and they do have to work with each other if they are to survive. The plants often depend on the animals for pollination and the spreading of seeds. The animals often depend on the plants as a source of food.</div>
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Most people fail to see the vital importance that plants play in our society. If they were to all die, life on Earth would all die. Plants on the other hand would be able to survive without animal life forms. This is because they have the unique ability to make their own food. Even animals that don’t eat plants depend on them in some format to offer the foods they do consume.</div>
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One of the essential elements that all animal life forms need is oxygen. This comes from plant life as well. They need carbon dioxide which they get from the air we exhale. This exchange is a key aspect of how plant and animal life forms are highly dependent upon each other. In order for the natural balance of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water to remain in place all plants and animals have a very important place on Earth.</div>
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Biomes Information</div>
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Rain forest Biome</div>
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It may surprise you to learn that there are more than 260,000 different types of plants. They are classified into various biomes based on where they are found, the temperature they need to survive, and a variety of other factors. The fact that many of these plants also allow us to have a variety of medications is one more reason why they are so important to biomes.</div>
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Animals are the other sector of the balance within these biomes. All animals are either vertebrates or invertebrates. Some are only one cell organisms and others are very large animals that live on land or water. The small insects all the way to the bigger animals are very important though to their biomes. They each have a detailed role that they play.</div>
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It is believed there are approximately 10 million different species of animals in the world. They each have distinct habitat where they live. Some of them span over mountain ranges or the dessert. Others wonder the plains or swim in the oceans. Yet there are also those that are able to reside in just a few drops of water!</div>
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Two significant factors that determine the climate in any biome where animals live are the temperature and the amount of rainfall. Competition is also something that has to be considered. Sometimes animals can’t thrive in a given location because there are too many other animals. Other times it is due to a lack of sources they can use for food in that given biome.</div>
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The climate plays huge role in biomes as well – both for plants and animals. This is why some areas are distinguished as dessert while others are a rainforest. Climate has all of the control over what will live and grow in any particular biome. The climate in a given area can also change based on the rotation of the Earth. That is why some areas how rainy seasons and other periods of the year are hot and dry.</div>
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This is also why we have the different seasons of the year. The Koppen system recognizes five distinct climate types in the world. There are also numerous subgroups that can be further broken down for a given area.</div>
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There are lots of environmental changes that can occur that upset the balance of things in a biome. Many of them are natural element that we have no control over. For example when a hurricane or a flood go through an area. When a wildfire occurs in the forest the biomes are upset. What isn’t typically known though is that such events can also alter weather and climate in other areas around the world even though they weren’t directly impacted by the natural event</div>
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eererhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13447706179354906582noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8122356833369504730.post-35331028662464680522014-03-19T23:05:00.001-07:002014-03-19T23:05:28.486-07:00Plants And Animal Cells Animal Cell Model Diagram Project Parts Structure Labeled Coloring and Plant Cell Organelles Cake<h2>
<span style="font-size: large;">Plants And Animal Cells Biography </span></h2>
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Source:- Google.com.pk</div>
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Article Summary: Looking for a simple explanation of the potentially confusing terms 'diffusion', 'osmosis' and 'tonicity'? Well here it is</div>
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What Is Diffusion?</div>
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Diffusion is the passive transport of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration; and, surprisingly, you are very familiar with this process, whether you realize it or not.</div>
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When you put on perfume or aftershave, you can't just do it once and stay smelling sweet for the rest of your life (much to the relief of perfumers). The molecules of scent slowly diffuse from the area where you applied them, until so many have departed that you can no longer detect your signature scent.</div>
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A less pleasant example is the very recognizable smell of skunk stink. If you are driving down the road towards a dead skunk, the unpleasant smell gets stronger and stronger as your car approaches the skunk. This is because the stinky molecules are more concentrated closer to their skunky source.</div>
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What Is Osmosis?</div>
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Osmosis is a special kind of diffusion; the diffusion of water molecules across a membrane, typically the membrane of a living cell. The environment surrounding each of our cells may contain small amounts of dissolved substances (solutes) that are equal to, less than, or greater than those found within the cell. The relationship between the concentrations of solutes on either side of the membrane is referred to as tonicity.</div>
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How Does Tonicity Relate to Osmosis?</div>
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If a cell is in a surrounding environment that's:</div>
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isotonic: There is no net movement of water between cell and environment. The concentration of solutes is the same on either side of the membrane.</div>
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hypertonic: This term refers to the side of the membrane with a higher concentration of solute.</div>
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hypotonic: This term refers to the side of the membrane with a lower concentration of solute.</div>
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These terms describing tonicity are dependent on the relationship between the environments on either side of the membrane, and can apply to the environment inside the cell or the environment outside the cell. The key to understanding osmosis and tonicity is to remember that water will always move toward a hypertonic environment!</div>
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Osmosis and Animal Cells</div>
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The cells of our body normally exist in an isotonic environment. When cells are placed in a hypertonic environment (higher concentration of solutes than the cell), water leaves the cell and the cell becomes shriveled. Conversely, when animal cells are placed in a hypotonic solution (lower concentration of solutes than the cell), water moves into the cell; it swells and may explode.</div>
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Diagram of Osmosis in Red Blood Cells</div>
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Osmosis and Plant Cells</div>
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Plant cells are subjected to osmostic pressure, just as animal cells are. However these cells are surrounded by a strong, rigid cell wall which prevents the cell from taking on too much water and exploding. When plant cells are exposed to water, the water moves into the cells, making them plump (turgid). This is why house plants look healthy and firm when they are watered sufficiently.</div>
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Diagram of theEffect of Osmosis on Plant Cells</div>
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In contrast, the loss of water by plant cells (plasmolysis) can occur when plants are not sufficiently watered, or are surrounded by a hypertonic environment. When water leaves the plant cell, it is not as plump, although the structure of the cell wall prevents the plasmolyzed cell from losing shape entirely.</div>
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Exposure to extremely hypertonic environments can kill a plant, like how your dog creates spots of dead lawn where he pees. The urine is hypertonic to the interior of the cells that make up the blade of grass, and large amounts of water are drawn out of the grass, killing it.</div>
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Sources & Helpful Osmosis & Diffusion Links</div>
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Campbell, N., Reece, J. and Simon E. (2004) "Essential Biology with Physiology". Pearson Benjamin Cummings. </div>
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How Diffusion Works animation and quiz from McGraw-Hill.</div>
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The Cell: Passive Transport Diffusion from Wisc-Online.com.</div>
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How Osmosis Works animation and quiz from McGraw-Hill.</div>
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The Cell: Passive Transport Osmosis from Wisc-Online.com.</div>
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Osmosis animation from St. Olaf College.</div>
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Plasmolysis animation and quiz from McGraw-Hill.</div>
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This is why a nurse can't give someone an IV drip of pure water. The patient's cells would explode. This is also why, if stranded at sea, people are cautioned not to drink the ocean water, no matter how thirsty they may become. Drinking salt water actually robs the body of hydration, because it creates a hypertonic environment in the GI tract, which pulls water out of our cells, dehydrating the body.</div>
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eererhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13447706179354906582noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8122356833369504730.post-36872960689241185162014-03-19T12:33:00.001-07:002014-03-19T12:33:11.345-07:00Plant And Animal Cell Differences Animal Cell Model Diagram Project Parts Structure Labeled Coloring and Plant Cell Organelles Cake<h2>
<span style="font-size: large;">Plant And Animal Cell Differences Biography</span></h2>
<div>
Source:- Google.com.pk<br />
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Plant, Animal and Bacterial Cells<br />
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Biological cells are the basic units of life i.e. the smallest units that can be alive. There are many types of biological cells.<br />
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Classification of Biological Cells: Biological taxonomy is the identification and naming of species and the arrangement of them into biological classes (i.e. groups). A taxonomic rank is a level in a taxonomic hierarchy, of which "kingdom" is one of the highest ranks - its exact position in the taxonomic hierarchy depends on the system used. The Five-Kingdom system of biological classification proposed by Robert Whittaker in 1969 is based mainly on differences in nutrition and groups life forms:<br />
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Life<br />
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Empire Prokaryota<br />
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Kingdom Monera (prokaryotes, i.e. bacteria & "blue-green algae")<br />
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includes Bacterial Cells<br />
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Empire Eukaryota<br />
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Kingdom Protista (single-celled eukaryotes)<br />
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Kingdom Plantae (plants)<br />
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includes Plant Cells<br />
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Kingdom Fungi (fungi)<br />
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Kingdom Animalia (animals incl. humans)<br />
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includes Animal Cells<br />
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Above: The Five-Kingdom System of Biological Classification<br />
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells<br />
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Some school biology courses e.g. UK A-Level (AS and A2) include the structures of:<br />
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Animal Cells ... which are types of Eukaryotic Cells<br />
Plant Cells ... which are types of Eukaryotic Cells<br />
and<br />
Bacteria Cells (Prokaryotic Cells)<br />
The biggest difference between these is that unlike eukaryotic cells, prokaryotic cells do not have a cell nucleus or any membrane-bound organelles such as mitochondria. Instead, all of the contents of the cell is openly accessible within the same volume e.g. ribosomes are scattered throughout the cytoplasm (not attached to the surfaces of the endoplasmic reticulum as in animal cells).<br />
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This table compares key features in plant, animal and bacterial cells:<br />
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Cell Feature:<br />
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Plant Cells<br />
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Animal Cells<br />
<br />
Bacteria Cells<br />
(Prokaryotic cells)<br />
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1.<br />
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Cell Wall<br />
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Plant cell walls are made mainly of cellulose.<br />
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none<br />
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Prokaryotic cell walls are made of murein.<br />
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2.<br />
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Cell Nucleus<br />
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Controls the activity of the cell and contains the genetic material. Each cell nucleus is surrounded by a double nuclear membrane that is crossed by nuclear pores.<br />
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Controls cell activity and contains the genetic material. The largest cellular organelle in animal cells, surrounded by a double nuclear membrane crossed by nuclear pores. Most animal cells have one nucleus, but:<br />
none<br />
<br />
Some very large cells (e.g. some striated muscle fibres) have many nuclei. Such multinucleate cells are called coenocytes.<br />
Some special cells (e.g. erythrocytes) have no nucleus. Cells that have no nucleus are called anucleated cells.<br />
3.<br />
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Plasmids<br />
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none<br />
<br />
none<br />
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A plasmid is a molecule of DNA that is separate from and can replicate independently of the chromosomal DNA. They are double-stranded, generally circular, and capable of replicating autonomously within a suitable host.<br />
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4.<br />
<br />
Mitochondria (pl.)<br />
the singular form is "mitochondrion"<br />
<br />
Mitochondria provide the cells' energy requirements. In the same way as cell nuclei they have a double membrane. The outer membrane of a mitochondrion is smooth while the inner membrane forms folds called cristae to increase the inner membrane's surface area on which sugar combines with oxygen to produce ATP - the cell's primary energy source.<br />
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none<br />
<br />
5.<br />
<br />
Ribosomes<br />
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The ribosomes present in plant and animal cells are the larger (80 S) type of ribosomes but are the smallest and most numerous of the eukaryotic cell organelles. They are composed of protein and RNA and are the sites of protein synthesis.<br />
Ribosomes can exist free in the cytoplasm but are usually found attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER). The ribosomes in eukaryotic cells are made in the nucleolus - which is inside the cell's nucleus.<br />
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Ribosomes are present - but are very small. That is, the ribosomes in prokaryotic cells (i.e. bacterial cells) are the smaller (70 S) type.<br />
<br />
6.<br />
<br />
Chloroplasts<br />
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Chloroplasts are green (because they contain the pigment chlorophyll) and are members of a class of organelles called plastids. They capture light energy, store it in the molecules ATP and NADPH, then use it to produce organic molecules and free oxygen from carbon dioxide and water by the process of photosynthesis.<br />
<br />
none<br />
<br />
none<br />
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7.<br />
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Permanent vacuole<br />
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Contains water needed for turgor pressure (turgidity) - that pushes the plasma membrane, which is also called the cell membrane, against the cell wall. Plants need turgidity to maintain rigidity. Molecules and ions may also be stored in the permanent vacuole.<br />
<br />
none<br />
<br />
none<br />
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />
Note: The numbers on the left are just for ease of reference to this table re. plant, animal and bacteria cells. The above is not a detailed comparison of these different types of biological cells but includes key differences in their contents at approx. the level of detail required for A-Level Biolog<br />
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eererhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13447706179354906582noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8122356833369504730.post-79745712068458996752014-03-19T03:43:00.000-07:002014-03-19T03:43:08.002-07:00Animal And Plant Cell Animal Cell Model Diagram Project Parts Structure Labeled Coloring and Plant Cell Organelles Cake<h2>
<span style="font-size: large;">Animal And Plant Cell Biography</span></h2>
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Source:- Google.com.pk</div>
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1. Cell Structure & Functionhttp://koning.ecsu.ctstateu.edu/cell/cell.html</div>
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2. Cell Theory• All living things are made up of cells.• Cells are the smallest working units of all living things.• All cells come from preexisting cells through cell division.</div>
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3. Definition of CellA cell is the smallest unit that is capable of performing life functions.</div>
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4. Examples of Cells Amoeba Proteus Plant StemBacteria Red Blood Cell Nerve Cell</div>
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5. Two Types of Cells•Prokaryotic•Eukaryotic</div>
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6. Prokaryotic • Do not have structures surrounded by membranes • Few internal structures • One-celled organisms, Bacteriahttp://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/prokaryotic_cells.html</div>
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7. Eukaryotic • Contain organelles surrounded by membranes • Most living organisms Plant Animalhttp://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/eukaryotic_cells.html</div>
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8. “Typical” Animal Cellhttp://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/images/cell.gif</div>
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9. “Typical” Plant Cellhttp://waynesword.palomar.edu/images/plant3.gif</div>
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10. Cell PartsOrganelles</div>
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11. Surrounding the Cell</div>
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12. Cell Membrane • Outer membrane of cell that controls movement in and out of the cell • Double layerhttp://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html</div>
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13. Cell Wall • Most commonly found in plant cells & bacteria • Supports & protects cellshttp://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html</div>
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14. Inside the Cell</div>
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15. Nucleus• Directs cell activities• Separated from cytoplasm by nuclear membrane• Contains genetic material - DNA</div>
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16. Nuclear Membrane • Surrounds nucleus • Made of two layers • Openings allow material to enter and leave nucleushttp://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html</div>
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17. Chromosomes • In nucleus • Made of DNA • Contain instructions for traits & characteristicshttp://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html</div>
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18. Nucleolus • Inside nucleus • Contains RNA to build proteinshttp://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html</div>
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19. Cytoplasm• Gel-like mixture• Surrounded by cell membrane• Contains hereditary material</div>
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20. Endoplasmic Reticulum • Moves materials around in cell • Smooth type: lacks ribosomes • Rough type (pictured): ribosomes embedded in surfacehttp://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html</div>
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21. Ribosomes • Each cell contains thousands • Make proteins • Found on ribosomes & floating throughout the cellhttp://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html</div>
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22. Mitochondria• Produces energy through chemical reactions – breaking down fats & carbohydrates• Controls level of water and other materials in cell• Recycles and decomposes proteins, fats, and carbohydrateshttp://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html</div>
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23. Golgi Bodies • Protein packaging plant • Move materials within the cell • Move materials out of the cellhttp://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html</div>
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24. Lysosome • Digestive plant for proteins, fats, and carbohydrates • Transports undigested material to cell membrane for removal • Cell breaks down if lysosome explodeshttp://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html</div>
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25. Vacuoles• Membrane-bound sacs for storage, digestion, and waste removal• Contains water solution• Help plants maintain shapehttp://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html</div>
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26. Chloroplast• Usually found in plant cells• Contains green chlorophyll• Where photosynthesis takes placehttp://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures</div>
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eererhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13447706179354906582noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8122356833369504730.post-44757118545507334452014-03-19T03:34:00.003-07:002014-03-19T03:34:42.183-07:00Parts And Functions Of Animal Cell Animal Cell Model Diagram Project Parts Structure Labeled Coloring and Plant Cell Organelles Cake<h2>
<span style="font-size: large;">Parts And Functions Of Animal Cell Biography </span></h2>
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Source:- Google.com.pk</div>
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1. CHAPTER 2 :CELL STRUCTURE &CELL ORGANISATION 2.1 Cell Structure & Function 2.2 Cell Organisation</div>
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2. 2.1 CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION Learning Outcomes :2. Draw & label an animal cell and a plant cell3. Identify the cellular components of an animal cell & a plant cell4. State the functions of the cellular components in an animal and a plant cell5. Compare & contrast an animal cell with a plant cell6. Relate the density of certain organelles with the functions of specific cells.</div>
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3. HISTORY Robert Hooke (1665) was first discovered the cell structure of plant He examined fine slices of cork with a primitive microscope He saw many ‘box-like’ structures , then he called ‘cells’, from Latin for ‘little rooms’.</div>
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4. THE CELL THEORY (Schleiden M & Schwann T) All living organisms are made up of one or more cells New cells are formed by the division of pre-existing cells Cells contain genetic material of an organism which is passed from the parent cells to daughter cells Cells are the basic unit of structure & function in living things</div>
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5. ORGANELLES specialised structures which are each surrounded by its own membrane & perform specific function</div>
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6. PLASMA MEMBRANE Thin, semi-permeable Made of protein, lipid Controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell Non-organelle</div>
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7. CYTOPLASM Jelly-like substance that contains water & mineral salts Contains organelles and food such as carbohydrates (glucose) Medium for metabolic reactions Supplies the substances required by organelles Non-organelle</div>
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8. CELL WALL Thick layer outside the plasma membrane Made up of cellulose, fully permeable Maintains the shape of the plant cells Provides mechanical support Non-organelle</div>
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9. NUCLEUS Spherical shape with double membrane Contains nucleolus, chromosomes, nucleoplasm & nuclear membrane Controls & regulates all the activities of cell Contain the heredity factors responsible for the traits</div>
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10. RIBOSOME Small particles consisting of RNA Exists freely in the cytoplasm or on the surface of the endoplasmic reticulum Synthesis of protein</div>
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11. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM A system of membrane- enclosed tubules closely packed together and continuous with the nuclear membrane RER has ribosome, SER does not have Transport system for protein & lipids within the cell RER transport protein to other part of cell SER stimulates the synthesis of lipids & cholesterol & transport within the cell</div>
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12. GOLGI APPARATUS Vacuolar region surrounded by a complex meshwork of vesicles budding off at its end Received protein & lipids from ER & modify them to form specific secretion such as enzymes & hormones Pack the secretions formed into secreting vesicles & transport them to plasma membrane to be secreted Controls the secretory activity of cells Formation of lysosomes</div>
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13. VACUOLE Filled with cell sap, surrounded by semi- permeable membrane called the tonoplast Contain water, sugar & dissolved minerals Maintain turgidity of cells in plants</div>
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14. MITOCHONDR IA Rod-shape with a double membrane Outer membrane is smooth, inner membrane is folded to form cristae Known as ‘power- house’ of the cell Releases energy as it is the site for aerobic respiration</div>
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15. CHLOROPLAST Disc-shape organelle with a double membrane Consist of an orderly arrangement of grana within the stroma. Granum contains chlorophyll Site of photosynthesis Trapped light energy and change it into chemical energy</div>
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16. LYSOSOMES Membrane-bound vesicles found in animal cells Contain enzymes which control breakdown of protein & lipids Contain enzymes that digest aged or defective cell components or materials taken in by the cell from its environments such as food particles or bacteria.</div>
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17. CENTRIOLES A pair of small cylindrical structures (microtubules ) Form spindle fibre for cell</div>
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18. COMPARE & CONTRASTANIMAL CELL SIMILARITIES PLANT CELL A plasma membrane surrounding the cytoplasm Both contain nucleus & cytoplasmBoth contain organelles such as mitochondria, ER, Golgi apparatus & ribosomes</div>
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19. ANIMAL CELL DIFFERENCES PLANT CELLSmaller than plant cell SIZE Larger than animal cell Irregular shape SHAPE Often regular in shape Absent CELL WALL Present Absent CHLOROPLAST Present No large vacuoles. If VACUOLES Large central vacuole present, small & filled with cell sap numerous.In a form of glycogen in FOOD STORAGE In a form of starch liver & muscle tissues Present CENTRIOLES AbsentSome animal cell have CILIA & FLAGELLA Absent cilia or flagella</div>
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20. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THESTRUCTURE OF AN ANIMAL CELL & A PLANT CELL</div>
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21. The number of specific organelles in a cell varies on the type of cell and its function. Active cell many mitochondria to provide enough energy for its activities. Eg. : sperm cells, flight muscle cell (insects & birds) Cell in meristems of plant shoot & root Green plants more chloroplasts to carry out photosynthesis such as palisade mesophyll cells and spongy mesophyll cells, also guard cells.</div>
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22. EXERCISE 2.11. What are the organelle structures of a cell?2. What are the functions of each structure describe above?</div>
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eererhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13447706179354906582noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8122356833369504730.post-44638377043302788592014-03-19T03:28:00.000-07:002014-03-19T03:28:17.910-07:00An Animal Cell Animal Cell Model Diagram Project Parts Structure Labeled Coloring and Plant Cell Organelles Cake<h2>
<span style="font-size: large;">An Animal Cell Biography </span></h2>
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Source:- Google.com.pk</div>
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1. Biology 11 (Fundamentals of Biology I) ANIMALS: Form and FunctionLecturer: Ian Kendrich C. Fontanilla, Ph.D. Pav. IV, Room 4113Main References: (1) Biology by Campbell and Reece (2) Integrated Principles of Zoology by Hickman et al.</div>
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2. ANIMALS : Form and FunctionA. Animal Cell Types and TissuesB. Animal Systems and Processes 1. Support and Protection 2. Movement 3. Digestion and Nutrition 4. Gas Exchange 5. Transport/Circulation 6. Excretion and Osmoregulation 7. Regulatory Mechanisms</div>
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3. ANIMALS : Form and Function• Anatomy - the study of the biological form of an organism• Physiology - the study of the biological functions an organism performs• The comparative study of animals reveals that form and function are closely correlated</div>
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4. • Life is characterized by hierarchical levels of organization, each with emergent properties.</div>
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5. Levels of Organization in Organismal Complexity1. Protoplasmic grade of organization2. Cellular grade of organization3. Cell-tissue grade of organization4. Tissue-organ grade of organization5. Organ-system grade of organization</div>
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6. Levels of Organization in Organismal Complexity1. Protoplasmic grade of organization – unicellular organisms – all life functions are confined within the boundaries of a single cell – protoplasm is differentiated into organelles Paramecium</div>
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7. Levels of Organization in Organismal Complexity2. Cellular grade of organization – aggregation of cells that are functionally differentiated – a division of labor is evident Volvox</div>
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8. Levels of Organization in Organismal Complexity3. Cell-tissue grade of organization – aggregation of similar cells into definite patterns of layers, thus becoming a tissue</div>
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9. Levels of Organization in Organismal Complexity4. Tissue-organ grade of organization – an aggregation of tissues into organs Planaria</div>
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10. Levels of Organization in Organismal Complexity5. Organ-system grade of organization – organs work together to perform some function – systems are associated with basic body functions</div>
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11. Structural Organization in Higher FormsStructural Types/Kinds/Examples Field ofUnit StudyOrgan Integumentary Respiratory AnatomySystem Muscular Reproductive Skeletal Digestive Nervous Endocrine Circulatory Immune ExcretoryOrgan oral cavity brain Anatomy pharynx eye esophagus liver stomach kidney pancreas lung intestines anus</div>
<div>
12. Structural Organization in Higher FormsStructural Types/Kinds/Examples Field ofUnit StudyTissue A.Somatic B. Reproductive Histology - epithelial - sperm - connective - egg/oocyte - muscular - nervousCell same as in tissue Cytology/Cel l Biology</div>
<div>
13. Animal Cell Types</div>
<div>
14. Four main categories of animal tissues1. Epithelial Tissue2. Connective Tissue3. Muscular Tissue4. Nervous Tissue</div>
<div>
15. 1. Epithelial Tissue • covers the outside of the body and lines organs and cavities within the body • compact; occurs in sheets of tightly packed cells • little intercellular substance • polarized</div>
<div>
16. 1. Epithelial Tissue• the free surface of the epithelium is exposed to air or fluid• structures on free surfaces: microvilli, cilia, flagella• Basement membrane• where the cells at the base of the barrier are attached• also called basal lamina</div>
<div>
17. 1. Epithelial Tissue– cells are closely joined– animals have 3 main types of intercellular links:1. tight junctions2. desmosomes3. gap junctions</div>
<div>
18. 1. Tight Junction Tight junction 0.5 µm • membranes of adjacent cells are fused, forming continuous belts around cells • prevent leakage of extracellular fluid across a layer of epithelial cells</div>
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19. 2. Desmosomes• fasten cells together into strong sheets, much like rivets• reinforced by intermediate filaments of keratin• attach muscle cells to each other in a muscle Desmosome 1 µm</div>
<div>
20. 3. Gap Junction Gap junction 0.1 µm • provide cytoplasmic channels between adjacent cells • salt ions, sugar, amino acids, and other small molecules can pass through channels</div>
<div>
21. 1. Epithelial TissueTypes according to layering: 1. simple epithelium - Made up of a single layer of cells 2. stratified epithelium - Made up of many layers of cells 3. pseudostratified epithelium - Made up of a single layer of cells but appears stratified</div>
<div>
22. 1. Epithelial TissueTypes of epithelial cells according to shape:1. Cuboidal – like dice2. Squamous – flat like tiles3. Columnar – like bricks on end</div>
<div>
23. Simple squamous epithelium • composed of flattened cells • form a continuous delicate lining of blood capillaries, lungs, and other surfaces • permits the passive diffusion of gases and tissue fluids into and out of cavities</div>
<div>
24. Stratified squamous epithelium • consists of 2 to many layers of cells • adapted to withstand mild mechanical abrasion • basal layers of cells undergo continuous mitotic divisions • lines the oral cavity, esophagus, anal canal, vagina of mammals, skin</div>
<div>
25. Simple cuboidal epithelium • short, boxlike cells collecting duct in kidney • usually lines small ducts and tubules • may have active secretory and absorptive functions</div>
<div>
26. Simple columnar epithelium roof of mouth of toad• like cuboidal epithelium but cells are taller• found on highly absorptive surfaces such as intestinal tract and female reproductive tract• in some organs, cells may be ciliated</div>
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27. Stratified columnar epithelium salivary duct • consists of at least two layers of cells • found along some areas of the anorectal region and salivary duct</div>
<div>
28. Transitional epithelium • a type of stratified epithelium • specialized to accommodate great stretching • found in the urinary tract and bladder</div>
<div>
29. Glandular epithelia, absorb or secrete chemicalsolutions Types based on how products are released: a. exocrine (unicellular or multicellular) b. endocrine c. mixed (e.g., pancreas)</div>
<div>
30. Special terms of some epithelial tissues: a. mesothelium – squamous cells lining serous cavities such as peritoneal and pleural cavities and lining of visceral organs b. endothelium – lining of blood and lymph vessels</div>
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eererhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13447706179354906582noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8122356833369504730.post-30117442920167458062014-03-19T03:16:00.001-07:002014-03-19T03:16:22.451-07:00Cross Section Of an Animal Cell Animal Cell Model Diagram Project Parts Structure Labeled Coloring and Plant Cell Organelles Cake<h2>
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Cross Section Of an Animal Cell Biography </b></span></h2>
<span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;">Source:- Google.com.pk</span><br />
<br />
Introduction to Animals<br />
Sponges, Cnidarians<br />
Characteristics of Animals<br />
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Animals are multicellular<br />
<br />
Except for sponges, animal cells are arranged into tissues. Tissues are necessary to produce organs and organ systems.<br />
<br />
Tissues, organs, and organ systems enabled the evolution of large, multicellular bodies.<br />
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Animal cells lack cell walls<br />
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The cells are held together by protein structures called junctions that extend from one cell to another. An abundance of extracellular proteins also support the cells.<br />
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A skeleton supports the tissues of large animals.<br />
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Animals have a period of embryonic development<br />
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During embryonic development, cells become specialized and tissues form. The growth of tissues, organs, and organ systems therefore requires a period of embryonic development.<br />
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Animals are heterotrophs<br />
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Heterotrophs consume their organic food. Except for sponges, they ingest food and digest it in a central cavity.<br />
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Recall that fungi are also heterotrophs but fungi do not ingest their food. Fungi secrete enzymes into their environment and absorb broken down organic food products.<br />
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Animals are motile<br />
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Heterotrophy often requires motility to capture prey. Animals have motility during at least some part of their life cycle.<br />
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Animals have nervous and muscle tissue<br />
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Muscle tissue allows animals to move. Nervous tissue allows rapid intercellular communication and enables coordinated movement and response to stimuli.<br />
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Animals are diploid (diplontic life cycle)<br />
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Their gametes are heterogametes (different sizes); eggs are larger than sperm.<br />
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The sperm are flagellated.<br />
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Gametes are produced by meiosis.<br />
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The development of some animals includes one or more larval stages. Larvae refers to immature individuals of species in which the body form of the immature individuals (the larvae) is very different than the body form of the adult. Because larvae and adults have different forms, they often eat different food and may live in different habitats. Larvae are transformed into adults by a developmental process called metamorphosis.<br />
<br />
A typical animal life cycle is shown below.<br />
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<br />
<br />
Symmetry<br />
<br />
Types of Symmetry<br />
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Radial Symmetry<br />
<br />
The body parts of a radially symmetrical animal are arranged around a central axis so that each part extends from the center. The animal can be cut along the axis in more than one plane to produce identical halves. Animals that exhibit radial symmetry tend to be sessile (immobile). Radial symmetry allows them to reach out in all directions.<br />
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Bilateral Symmetry<br />
<br />
Only one cut along the longitudinal axis will produce identical halves of a bilaterally symmetrical animal. Bilateral symmetry is best for motile animals.<br />
<br />
Asymmetry<br />
<br />
Asymmetrical animals have no pattern of symmetry. The simplest animals (sponges) are asymmetrical.<br />
<br />
Evolution of Symmetry<br />
<br />
Sponges lack symmetry, and Cnidarians exhibit radial symmetry. The remainder of the phyla listed below have bilateral symmetry.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Body Plans<br />
<br />
Embryonic Development<br />
<br />
A fertilized animal egg divides to produce a solid ball of cells. Then, cell migration results in a hollow ball called a blastula.<br />
<br />
Some cells of the blastula migrate inward producing a gastrula. The opening is the blastopore. The tube produced by this process will become the gut (digestive tract) of the mature animal. In species that have a separate mouth and anus, the tube will eventually extend through the length of the embryo and fuse with the opposite side. One opening will become the mouth, the other will become the anus.<br />
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<br />
<br />
In the diagram below, a circle is used to represent a blastula.<br />
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Embryonic Germ Layers<br />
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The three layers of tissues that become established during early embryonic development are called germ layers. They give rise to the body tissues. These layers are ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.<br />
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<br />
<br />
The diagram below shows a cross section of an animal embryo<br />
<br />
.<br />
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The ectoderm forms from the outer layer of cells. It gives rise to the skin and nervous system.<br />
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The cells that formed the tube-like structure in the gastrula (see the diagram above) are endoderm. These cells will form the lining of the gut and the organs derived from the gut.<br />
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Mesoderm forms between the ectoderm and endoderm. It becomes the muscles, connective tissues, skeleton, kidneys, circulatory and reproductive organs<br />
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Body Cavity<br />
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The body cavity is a fluid-filled space that separates the gut and internal organs from the rest of the body.<br />
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It isolates the internal organs from body-wall movements.<br />
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It also bathes the internal organs in a liquid through which nutrients and wastes can diffuse.<br />
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Arrangement of Ectoderm, Mesoderm, and Endoderm<br />
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An acoelomate animal does not have a body cavity.<br />
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A pseudocoelomate animal has a body cavity (called a pseudocoelom) located between endoderm and mesoderm.<br />
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The body cavity of a coelomate animal (called a coelom) is located within the mesoderm.<br />
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<br />
The mesentery holds the gut in place.<br />
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The diagram below shows the body plans for nine major phyla of animals.<br />
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<br />
Gut<br />
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The gut is the digestive tract. It enables the animal to digest food outside of the cells (extracellular digestion). In animals without a digestive tract, food items are brought into the cell for digestion (intracellular digestion).<br />
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A sac-like gut has one opening. Food enters and leaves through the same opening.<br />
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A complete gut has two openings, a mouth and an anus. It is sometimes referred to as a tube-within-a-tube.<br />
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This type of gut allows for the specialization of parts along the tube. For example, part of the gut can become specialized for food storage, other parts can become specialized for secreting digestive enzymes and other parts for absorbing nutrients.<br />
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eererhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13447706179354906582noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8122356833369504730.post-46505804110121598112014-03-19T03:06:00.004-07:002014-03-19T03:06:42.766-07:00Different Types Of Animal Cells Animal Cell Model Diagram Project Parts Structure Labeled Coloring and Plant Cell Organelles Cake<h2>
<span style="font-size: large;">Different Types Of Animal Cells Biography</span></h2>
<div>
Source:- Google.com.pk</div>
<div>
<div>
Eukaryotes house a distinct nucleus, a structure in which the genetic material (DNA) is contained, surrounded by a membrane much like the outer cell membrane. Eucaryotic cells are found in most algae, protozoa, all multicellular organisms (plants and animals) including humans. The genetic material in the nucleus forms multiple chromosomes that are linear and complexed with proteins that help the DNA 'pack' and are involved in regulation of gene expression.</div>
<div>
The cells of higher plants differ from animal cells in that they have large vacuoles, a cell wall, chloroplasts, and a lack of lysosomes, centrioles, pseudopods, and flagella or cilia. Animal cells do not have the chloroplasts, and may or may not have cilia, pseudopods or flagella, depending on the type of cell.</div>
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Contents [hide] </div>
<div>
1 Comparing Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells</div>
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2 Animal Cells</div>
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3 Plant Cell</div>
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4 Nucleus</div>
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5 Ribosomes</div>
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6 The Endomembrane System</div>
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7 Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)</div>
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8 Golgi Apparatus</div>
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9 Lysosomes</div>
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10 Vacuoles</div>
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11 Mitochondria and Chloroplasts</div>
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12 Cytoskeleton</div>
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13 Cell Wall</div>
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14 References</div>
<div>
14.1 See also</div>
<div>
Comparing Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells[edit]</div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
All cells have several basic features in common: they are all bounded by a selective barrier, plasma membrane. Cytosol is a jellylike substance that is semifluid. All cells contain chromosomes which carry genes in the form of DNA, and ribosomes that make proteins according to instructions from the gene. The major difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cels is the location of their DNA. In eukaryotic cell, DNA is found at the nucleus, which is bounded by a double membrane. (the word eukaryotic is from the Greek eu, true, and karyon, kernel, here referring to the nucleus).</div>
<div>
Eukaryotic cells are much larger than prokaryotic cells; size is general aspect of cell structure that relates to function. The logistics of carrying out cellular metabolism sets limits on cell size. At the lower limit, the smallest cells, known are bacteria called mycoplasmas have diameters between 0.1 and 1.0mm. These are the smallest packages with enough DNA to program metabolism and enough enzymes and other cellular equipment to carry out the activities necessary for a cell to sustain itself and reproduce.</div>
<div>
Metabolic requirements also impose theoretical upper limits on the size that is practical for a singel cell. Plasma membrane functions as a selective barrier that allows sufficient passage of oxygen, nutrients, and wastes to service the entire cell. For each square micrometer of membrane, only a limited amount of a particular substance can cross per second, so the ratio of surface area to volume is critical. As a cell increases in size, its volume grows proportionately more than its surface area. Area is proportional to a linear dimension squared, whereas volume is proportional to the linear dimension cubed. Therefore a smaller object has a greater ration of surface area to volume.</div>
<div>
The need for a surface area sufficiently large to accommodate the volume helps explain the microscopic size of most cells, and the narrow, elongated shapes of others, such as nerve cells. Larger organisms has more cells compare to smaller cells. High ratio of surface area to volume is especially important in cells that exchange a lot of material with their surroundings such as intestinal cells. Such cells may have many long, thin projections from their surface called microvilli, which increase surface area without an appreciable increase in volume.</div>
<div>
Animal Cells[edit]</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Flagellum: locomotion organelle present in some animal cells; composed of a cluster of microtubules within an extension of the plasma membrane.</div>
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Centrosome: region where the cell's microtubules are initiated contains a pair of centrioles which function is unknown.</div>
<div>
Cytoskeleton: reinforces cell's shape, functions in cell movement components are made of protein. It includes microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules.</div>
<div>
Microvilli: projections that increase the cell's surface area.</div>
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Peroxisome: organelle with carious specialized metabolic functions; produces hydrogen peroxide as a by-product, then converts it to water.</div>
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Mitochondrion: organelle where cellular respiration occurs and most ATP is generated.</div>
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Lysosome: digestive organelle where macromolecules are hydrolyzed.</div>
<div>
Golgi apparatus: organelle active in synthesis, modification, sorting, and secretion of cell products.</div>
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Ribosomes: complexes (small brown dots) that make proteins; free in cytosol or bound to rough ER or nuclear envelope.</div>
<div>
Plasma membrane: membrane enclosing the cell</div>
<div>
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): network of membraneous sacs and tube; active in membrane synthesis and other synthetic and metabolic processes; has rough (ribosome-studded) and smooth regions. (Rough ER, and Smooth ER)</div>
<div>
Nucleus: nucleus contains:</div>
<div>
Nuclear envelope: double membrane enclosing the nucleus; perforated by pores; continuous with ER</div>
<div>
Nucleolus: structure involved in production of ribosomes; a nucleus has one or more nucleoli</div>
<div>
Chromatin: material consisting of DNA and proteins; visible as individual chromosomes in a dividing cell</div>
<div>
In animal cells, lysosomes, centrosomes with centrioles, and flagella are present but not in plant cells.</div>
<div>
Plant Cell[edit]</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Cell Wall: outer layer that maintains cell's shape and protects cell from mechanical damage; made of cellulose, other polysaccharide, and protein.</div>
<div>
Plasmodesmata: channels through cell walls that connect the cytoplasms of adjacent cells.</div>
<div>
Chloroplast: photosynthetic organelle; converts energy of sunlight to chemical energy stored in sugar molecules.</div>
<div>
Central vacuole: prominent organelle in older plant cells; functions include storage, breakdown of waste products, hydrolysis of macromolecules; enlargement of vacuole is a major mechanism of plat growth.</div>
<div>
Nucleus: nucleus contains:</div>
<div>
Nuclear envelope: double membrane enclosing the nucleus; perforated by pores; continuous with ER</div>
<div>
Nucleolus: structure involved in production of ribosomes; a nucleus has one or more nucleoli</div>
<div>
Chromatin: material consisting of DNA and proteins; visible as individual chromosomes in a dividing cell</div>
<div>
Golgi apparatus: organelle active in synthesis, modification, sorting, and secretion of cell products.</div>
<div>
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): network of membraneous sacs and tube; active in membrane synthesis and other synthetic and metabolic processes; has rough (ribosome-studded) and smooth regions. (Rough ER, and Smooth ER)</div>
<div>
Ribosomes: complexes (small brown dots) that make proteins; free in cytosol or bound to rough ER or nuclear envelope.</div>
<div>
Cytoskeleton: reinforces cell's shape, functions in cell movement components are made of protein. It includes microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules.</div>
<div>
In plant cell, chloroplasts, central vacuole, cell wall, and plasmodesmata are present but not in animal cells.</div>
<div>
Nucleus[edit]</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
The nucleus contains most of the genes in the eukaryotic cell; some genes are located in mitochondria and chloroplast. It is generally the most conspicuous organelle in a eukaryotic cell. The nuclear envelope encloses the nucleus, sparating its contents from the cytoplasm. The nuclear envelope is a double membrane, each a lipid bilayer with associated proteins. The envelope is perforated by pore structure that are about 100nm in diameter. At the lip of each pore, the inner and outer membranes of the nuclear envelope are continuous. Pore complex lines each pore and regulates the entry and exit of most proteins and RNAs, as well as large complexes of macromolecules. Except at the pores, the nuclear side of the envelope is lined by the nuclear lamina, a netlike array of protein filaments that maintains the shape of the nucleus by mechanically supporting the nuclear envelope. Also nuclear matrix, a framework of fibers extending throughout the nuclear interior, present.</div>
<div>
Chromosomes are organized DNA units that carry the genetic information. Each chromosome is made up of material called chromatin, a complex of proteins and DNA. Stained chromatic usually appears as a diffuse mass, byt as a cell prepares to divide, the thin chromatin fibers coil up and condense thick enough to be distinguished as chromosomes. Each eukaryotic species has a characteristic number of chromosomes. For example human has 46 chromosomes.</div>
<div>
Nucleolus is a prominent structure within the nondividing nucleus. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is synthesized from instructions in the DNA; in nucleolus, proteins imported from the cytoplasm are assembled with rRNA into large and small ribosomal subunits. Theses subunits then exit the nucleus through the nuclear pores to the cytoplasm, where a large and a small subunit can assemble into a ribosome. the number depends on the species and the stage in the cell's reproductive cycle.</div>
<div>
The Nucleus directs protein synthesis by synthesizing messenger RNA (mRNA) according to instructions provided by the DNA. The mRNA is then transported to the cytoplasm via the nuclear pores. Once an mRNA molecule reaches the cytoplasm, ribosomes translate the mRNA's genetic message into the primary structure of a specific poly peptide.</div>
</div>
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eererhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13447706179354906582noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8122356833369504730.post-38235603327582657592014-03-19T03:01:00.000-07:002014-03-19T03:01:02.783-07:00Picture Of A Animal Cell Animal Cell Model Diagram Project Parts Structure Labeled Coloring and Plant Cell Organelles Cake<h2>
<span style="font-size: large;">Picture Of A Animal Cell Biography </span></h2>
<div>
Source:- Google.com.pk</div>
<div>
<div>
Shai Shaham § , ed.</div>
<div>
The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021, USA</div>
<div>
This chapter is in WormBook section:</div>
<div>
> WormMethods</div>
<div>
View/Add Comments</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Table of Contents</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
1. Introduction</div>
<div>
2. Visualizing cells and their components</div>
<div>
2.1. Differential interference contrast (DIC or Nomarski) microscopy</div>
<div>
2.2. Polarized light microscopy (Denise Flaherty and Guy Benian)</div>
<div>
2.3. Fluorescence microscopy</div>
<div>
2.4. Electron microscopy</div>
<div>
3. Protein-protein and protein-DNA interactions</div>
<div>
4. Specific methods in C. elegans cell biology</div>
<div>
4.1. Endocytosis</div>
<div>
4.2. Chromatin cell biology (Györgyi Csankovszki and Barbara Meyer)</div>
<div>
4.3. Programmed cell death (Barbara Conradt, Julia Hatzold, Claus Schertl)</div>
<div>
5. Embryonic cell culture</div>
<div>
6. References</div>
<div>
1. Introduction</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Although C. elegans is primarily touted for its facile genetics, there has been a burgeoning interest in studying cell biological processes in this organism. Strong genetics (Brenner, 1974; Jorgensen and Mango, 2002), the development of fluorescent protein tags (Chalfie et al., 1994; Yang et al., 1996; Zhang et al., 2004), the availability of RNA interference strategies to disrupt gene function (Fire et al., 1998; Timmons and Fire, 1998), and the ability to perform studies on primary cultures of embryonic cells (Christensen et al., 2002; Zhang et al., 2002), have all led to an increase in the number of cell biological problems addressed in the worm. Furthermore, the transparency of the organism affords a unique opportunity to study the roles of cell biological processes in a living multicellular animal.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
A serious obstacle to studying cell biological phenomena in C. elegans is the small size of its cells. However, advances in imaging techniques have allowed faint signals to be significantly amplified, and small structures to be visualized, allowing examination of transport, export, and import processes, as well as examination of cytoskeletal and chromatin structure.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Here we have compiled a set of protocols that broadly fit under the category of Cell Biology. We begin with a brief discussion of various microscopical techniques employed by C. elegans researchers to study aspects of the cell. We then describe methods for studying protein-protein and protein-DNA interactions in C. elegans. We also describe methods used to study specific cell biological problems (e.g. endocytosis, chromatin, programmed cell death). Finally, we conclude this chapter with a discussion of primary embryonic cell culture and its uses.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Contributors of sections or protocols are acknowledged in parentheses following the section or protocol titles. In some cases, protocols are based on previously published work, which is then cited after the protocol title. The on-line format of this chapter should easily allow for revisions and additions to the protocols presented here. Researchers willing to share protocols not presented here or with comments on existing protocols are encouraged to submit these to shaham@rockefeller.edu.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
2. Visualizing cells and their components</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
To study objects we must interact with them. Generally, the technique of interaction is determined by the size of the object. Thus, an object of macroscopic size can be studied by direct contact. However, microscopic objects, such as the cell and its organelles, must be studied with agents of similar or smaller size. Cells in C. elegans are roughly 3–30 microns in diameter, thus, light with wavelength in the visible range (~500 nm) is an ideal interacting agent. The set up of light microscopes affords a resolution that is about half the wavelength of light employed. Thus, light microscopy is useful for examining cells and cellular substructures on the order of 200–300 nm or larger. However, vesicles (often 50 nm in diameter), and other objects of similar or smaller scale cannot be resolved using current setups. Although, in principle, light of very short wavelength (e.g. X-rays) could be used to resolve smaller cellular structures, such light is too energetic, damaging the cell upon contact. In addition, lenses to focus high energy photons do not exist. High resolution can be obtained using electron microscopy. Moving electrons in an electron microscope possess wavelengths on the order of 0.3 nm. Using an electron microscope, the electrons can be used to form resolved images of cellular structures of about 3 nm in size.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
2.1. Differential interference contrast (DIC or Nomarski) microscopy</div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
Visible light can be used to examine C. elegans, however, in general, bright field and phase-contrast microscopy offers little contrast- making cells and their major components difficult to see. DIC microscopy, however, allows high contrast images to be formed, and is ideal for examining nuclei, nucleoli, and granular structures within C. elegans cells (Sulston and Horvitz, 1977; Sulston et al., 1983). In DIC microscopy light passes through a plane polarizer. The resulting polarized light is split into two components using a prism. These components interact with the sample, and are combined above the objective using a second prism. Finally, the transmitted light passes through an analyzer (essentially a polarizer that is polarized at 90 degrees with respect to the original plane of polarization) and on to the observer. The interaction of polarized light with the sample changes its plane of polarization. Thus, only light whose polarization is changed by the sample will be detected by the observer. In this way, highly contrasted images are formed. It should be remembered that shadowing effects seen using DIC microscopy do not reflect three-dimensional features of the sample. Rather, they reflect the ability of the specimen to interact with polarized light. Current microscopes allow the use of a 100X objective with DIC, giving high magnification and resolution. Some microscopes are equipped with additional lenses, however, these do not afford better resolution.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
A protocol for mounting C. elegans for observation using DIC microscopy is presented below. This protocol can be used to mount animals for all microscopic techniques utilizing a compound microscope.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
Protocol 1: Mounting animals for observation with DIC optics (Monica Driscoll)</div>
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<br /></div>
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1. Preparation of Agar Pads:</div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
a. Materials</div>
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<br /></div>
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5% agar solution in water, melted and kept molten by placing the tube in a heat block at 65°C</div>
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Pasteur pipette and bulb</div>
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<br /></div>
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2 glass slides with pieces of labeling tape (for example, Fisher #11-880-5-D) taped over both ends to serve as spacers</div>
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<br /></div>
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2 clean glass slides</div>
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<br /></div>
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b. Preparation of Pads (See Figure 1):</div>
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<br /></div>
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figure 1</div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
Figure 1. Preparing agar pads (Monica Driscoll).</div>
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<br /></div>
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Place the two taped slides with a clean slide sandwiched between them on a flat surface. Using the Pasteur pipette, place a drop of agar onto the clean slide. Cover the agar with another clean slide placed on top of the three slides in a perpendicular fashion. Press gently so the agar drop is flattened to a circle about 0.4 mm thick (the thickness of the tape spacers). Avoid getting bubbles in the agar since worms will get stuck in them. After the agar solidifies, gently pull out the taped slides, then separate the remaining two slides by sliding one relative to the other. The agar pad should adhere to one of the slides (usually the bottom one). Rest the slide, agar side up, on the bench top.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
Note: The agar pad should be prepared just before use so that it does not dry out. Alternatively, once you pull out the taped slides, you can wrap the cross shaped slide-agar-slide in a piece of Saran wrap. This way you can keep the pad moist for a couple of hours.</div>
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<br /></div>
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2. Mounting Live Animals:</div>
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<br /></div>
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Place a 1–2 ul drop of M9 containing 10–25 mM sodium azide (NaN3) onto the center of the agar pad. NaN3 anesthetizes the worms so that they will not move. The agar pad can also be prepared with anaesthetic included for a final concentration of 2–10 mM NaN3 in the agar, instead of in the drop. This generally results in faster anesthetic action. If live worms are needed, NaN3 can be omitted and bacteria can be added to the drop to allow the worms to feed with little motion.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
Transfer animals to be observed into the drop. Animals can be transferred using a worm pick or an eyebrow hair fastened to a toothpick with wood glue or clear nail polish. When the hair or pick is moved into the drop, animals float off easily. Alternatively, animals can be spun down in M9 in an eppendorf tube at 1200–1500 rpm with slow acceleration/deceleration. After the supernatant is discarded, the animals are suspended in 10 ul M9-NaN3. 2–3 ul of the solution with the animals can then be transferred to the pad.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
Gently lay a coverslip over the animals. Most animals will lie on their left or right sides. Embryos also generally assume stereotypic orientations on agar pads. Between the 4-cell stage and 100–150 minutes the embryos display either the left or right sides. At gastrulation (150 min) they turn from left to dorsal or from right to ventral. At 350–400 minutes they return to display left or right sides (Sulston et al., 1983).</div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
Animals will stop moving within a minute or two. Animals in sodium azide can recover following incubation in sodium azide of one-hour or less.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
2.2. Polarized light microscopy (Denise Flaherty and Guy Benian)</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Polarized light can be used to examine repeated or crystalline structures. In a manner similar to DIC, plane polarized light that passes through a specimen will interact with the specimen and change its plane of polarization, allowing light to be detected through an analyzer located above the specimen and oriented at 90 degrees to the initial plane of polarization (for a more complete description see http://www.microscopyu.com/articles/polarized/ polarizedintro.html).</div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
The muscles used for locomotion in C. elegans reside in the body wall. In the adult, there are 95 spindle shaped cells divided among four quadrants just underlying a basement membrane, hypodermis and cuticle. In each quadrant, the cells are arranged in interlocking pairs. In these muscle cells, myofilaments form a lattice that is restricted to a narrow zone of ~1.5 microns, just underlying the basement membrane and hypodermis. By polarized light microscopy, obvious striations are seen; bright (“birefringent”) A-bands alternate with dark I-bands; each I-band contains a row of dense bodies, which are the analogs of Z-discs of vertebrate striated muscle (Figure 2). Because the striations lie at a slightly oblique angle with respect to the long axis of the worm, this muscle is called “obliquely striated”. Polarized light is also useful for evaluating the second largest set of muscles, those in the pharynx. Below we present a protocol for observing C. elegans muscle using polarized light.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Protocol 2: Observing C. elegans muscle using polarized light (Denise Flaherty and Guy Benian)</div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
Materials and Equipment</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
1. Healthy worms</div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
2. Light microscope (not inverted) with:</div>
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<br /></div>
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light source</div>
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<br /></div>
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strain free objectives</div>
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<br /></div>
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condenser appropriate for bright-field and differential interference contrast microscopy (often labeled H/DIC)</div>
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<br /></div>
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an analyzer slider</div>
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<br /></div>
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A rotating stage. This would not be necessary if worms had an obliging habit of lying down on the slide, stick straight, at a 45° angle within the field of view.</div>
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<br /></div>
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Method</div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
Pick one to several adult animals onto a clean glass slide (avoid dust) containing an 18ul drop of M9 buffer. Take care to pick up as little bacteria as possible, as it could obscure the view. It is also often customary to add sodium azide to a final concentration of 20 mM in order to slow the movement of the animal for imaging.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Next, cover the animal with a number 1 coverglass, 22 by 40mm, and view the animal under the microscope using the following procedure:</div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
Be sure that the analyzer slider is in place</div>
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<br /></div>
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Set the index of the condenser to “H/DIC”</div>
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Move any color or gray filters out of the way</div>
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For microscopes with a rotating polarizer, set the rotating polarizer lever on the condenser to 0°.</div>
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<br /></div>
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Find the animal on the slide using a low power objective such as 10X.</div>
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<br /></div>
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Once the animal has been found, place it in the center of the field of view.</div>
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<br /></div>
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Carefully move up to a higher magnification objective such as 40X.</div>
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<br /></div>
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Get the animal into focus then close down the luminous field diaphragm so that the edges of the opening are in the field of view.</div>
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<br /></div>
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Change the height of the condenser until the edges of the opening are in crisp focus. Then use the condenser centering screws to center the opening in the field of view.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
Open the luminous field diaphragm wide enough so that the edges go just beyond the field of view.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Rotate the stage until the muscle striations are most clearly seen. (This occurs when the striations are at a 45° angle with respect to the field of view).</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Change the level of light in the field by using the light source dial and/or the condenser diaphragm.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
Notes</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
getting the right “balance” of light is the key to successful polarized light microscopy. As the light from the light source is increased and the light coming through the condenser is decreased, stronger contrast will be achieved. Sometimes this contrast is too sharp, making the muscle look “grainy”. If this is the case, begin to reduce the light from the light source and increase the light coming through the condenser. If this is done too much, there will not be enough contrast. Tweak each source of light carefully until the desired polarized light is achieved.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Worms that are healthy adults without many developing embryos are the best for polarized light microscopy due to the interference of these embryos over a quadrant of body wall muscle. Similarly, when a quadrant of body wall muscle happens to lie over the reflected arm of the gonad, this is advantageous, since the gonad acts as an empty window through which the muscle can be seen. Skilled practitioners of polarized light microscopy are able to gently roll the worm under the coverslip in order to achieve this effect</div>
</div>
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eererhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13447706179354906582noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8122356833369504730.post-36148492584959368292014-03-19T02:54:00.001-07:002014-03-19T02:54:11.753-07:00Size Of An Animal Cell Animal Cell Model Diagram Project Parts Structure Labeled Coloring and Plant Cell Organelles Cake<h2>
<span style="font-size: large;">Size Of An Animal Cell Biography </span></h2>
<div>
Source:- Google.com.pk</div>
<div>
<div>
Different types of microscope</div>
<div>
There are two types of microscope - light & electron. Light uses light waves as it's source of radiation and electron microscopes use electrons. This has to do with the wavelength of the radiation - visible light ranges from 400-700nm, and for the light microscope to see a structure, that structure has to be greater than half the wavelength used, so as to interfere with the light waves and produce an image. This means the maximum resolution of a light microscope is around 200nm.</div>
<div>
Electrons have a much smaller wavelength (at least as small as x-rays) and because they are negatively charged, they can be focused using electromagnets, whereas x-rays cannot). This allows them to see much smaller structures than light microscopes - up to and including 0.5nm, and a single DNA molecule is 2nm. Electron microscopes however do have a drawback - the specimen must be scanned in a vacuum, and since water boils at room temperature in a vacuum, all specimens must be dehydrated before being examined, and thus only dead material can be seen.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Magnification and Resolution</div>
<div>
Optical magnification is defined as the ratio between the apparent size of an object (or its size in an image) and its actual size. It can be calculated as thus;</div>
<div>
magnification = \frac{size-of-image}{actual-size-of-specimen}</div>
<div>
Resolution on the other hand, is defined as the ability to distinguish between two separate points. If the light microscope cannot distinguish between the two separate points, those two points become one in the resulting image. For example, ribosomes are approximately 22nm in diameter and when viewed with a light microscope cannot be discerned as it does not interfere with the light waves, whereas a 1000nm mitochondrion does.</div>
<div>
Cell Organelles[edit]</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
An organelle is defined as both a functionally and structurally separate part of the cell and are often surrounded by membranes of their own. This is known as compartmentalisation.</div>
<div>
Nucleus[edit]</div>
<div>
Structure</div>
<div>
Largest organelle</div>
<div>
Dual-membrane (nuclear envelope) - porous, allowing exchange between nucleus and cell.</div>
<div>
Sub-structure - nucleolus</div>
<div>
Function</div>
<div>
Controls cells activities</div>
<div>
mRNA leaves the nucleus to perform protein synthesis</div>
<div>
Contains chromosomes</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
The parts of a cell nucleus</div>
<div>
Mitochondria[edit]</div>
<div>
Structure</div>
<div>
dual membrane forming an envelope</div>
<div>
Inner membrane folded to form cristae, projecting to the inside of the mitochondria, known as the matrix</div>
<div>
Function</div>
<div>
Perform later stages of aerobic respiration, a metabolic process that creates ATP</div>
<div>
Also involved in lipid synthesis</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
The diagram shows a section of a eukaryotic cell's mitochondrion.</div>
<div>
Endoplasmic Reticulum[edit]</div>
<div>
Structure</div>
<div>
Rough endoplasmic reticulum has its membrane surface lined with ribosomes.</div>
<div>
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum do not have ribosomes</div>
<div>
Both form a series of sheets which enclose flattened sacs called a cisternae.</div>
<div>
Function:</div>
<div>
Protein synthesis takes place in ribosomes on the rough endoplasmic reticulum</div>
<div>
Provide a large surface area for chemical reactions and a pathway for transport of materials through the cell</div>
<div>
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum is involved in lipid synthesis</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
1. Nuclear membrane 2. Nuclear pore 3. Rough endoplasmic reticulum (REM) 4. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum 5. Ribosome attached to REM 6. Macromolecules 7. Transport vesicles 8. Golgi apparatus 9. Cis face of Golgi apparatus 10. Trans face of Golgi apparatus 11. Cisternae of Golgi apparatus 12. Secretory vesicle 13. Cell membrane 14. Fused secretory vesicle releasing contents 15. Cell cytoplasm 16. Extracellular environment</div>
<div>
Golgi Apparatus[edit]</div>
<div>
Structure</div>
<div>
Similar to smooth ER, more compact</div>
<div>
Function</div>
<div>
Collect, process and sort molecules including proteins.</div>
<div>
The stack of flattened sacs (cisternae) are constantly being formed by vesicles budding off at the end of smooth ER and being broken down at the other end to form Golgi vesicles.</div>
<div>
Ribosome[edit]</div>
<div>
Structure</div>
<div>
One large and one smaller subunit</div>
<div>
Comprise of RNA (ribosomal) and protein</div>
<div>
20nm size</div>
<div>
Function</div>
<div>
Protein synthesis</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Ribosome structure</div>
<div>
Lysosome[edit]</div>
<div>
Structure</div>
<div>
Around 0.1-1.0µm in diameter</div>
<div>
Membrane surrounding digestive enzymes known as hydrolases</div>
<div>
Functions</div>
<div>
Digesting worn out organelles, or bacterium taken in during phagocytosis</div>
<div>
Bind to the cell membrane and release their enzymes outside of it in a process known as exocytosis like exocism</div>
<div>
Cilia and flagella[edit]</div>
<div>
These two organelles are almost identical except that cilia are shorter and more numerous. Their structure is a two central micro tubules, surrounded by nine pairs of micro tubules on the outside, wrapped in a plasma membrane, in a long elongated shape similar to a hair. Their function can either be to move an entire organism or to move material within an organism. An example of the latter is the cilia in the trachea moving mucus along the throat.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Numerous bunched cilia extending from a common pore. Also evident are pores lacking obvious bunched cilia.</div>
<div>
Centriole[edit]</div>
<div>
A centriole is a hollow cylinder formed from a ring of microtubules and used to grow the spindle fibres used in nuclear division.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Plasma Membrane[edit]</div>
<div>
This is a very thin phospholipid bi-layer. It controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell; further explanation can be found later in this book.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Plants Only</div>
<div>
Chloroplast[edit]</div>
<div>
These are relatively large organelles which are only in photosynthesising cells, are green in colour due to the presence of the pigment chlorophyll, and at high magnifications grana can be seen in them. Grana are used in photosynthesis which will be discussed more later.</div>
<div>
Chloroplast-new.jpg</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Vacuole[edit]</div>
<div>
The vacuole is a fluid filled sac bound by a single membrane - it contains a solution of sugars, amino acids, waste products and mineral salts. It can serve as a temporary store, for waste or food, and can also contain hydrolytic enzymes. They also support some plants by providing an osmotic system which creates a pressure potential</div>
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</span></b>eererhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13447706179354906582noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8122356833369504730.post-67872654747692615392014-03-18T07:54:00.001-07:002014-03-19T02:46:58.395-07:00Simple Animal Cell Animal Cell Model Diagram Project Parts Structure Labeled Coloring and Plant Cell Organelles Cake<h2>
<span style="font-size: large;">Simple Animal Cell Biography</span></h2>
<div>
<div>
Source:- Google.com.pk</div>
</div>
<div>
<div>
Cell Division Functions in Reproduction, Growth, and Repair</div>
<div>
Cell division involves the distribution of identical genetic material, DNA, to two daughters cells. What is most remarkable is the fidelity with which the DNA is passed along, without dilution or error, from one generation to the next.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Core Concepts:</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
All Organisms Consist of Cells and Arise from Preexisting Cells</div>
<div>
Mitosis is the process by which new cells are generated.</div>
<div>
Meiosis is the process by which gametes are generated for reproduction.</div>
<div>
The Cell Cycle Represents All Phases in the Life of a Cell</div>
<div>
DNA replication (S phase) must precede mitosis, so that all daughter cells receive the same complement of chromosomes as the parent cell.</div>
<div>
The gap phases separate mitosis from S phase. This is the time when molecular signals mediate the switch in cellular activity.</div>
<div>
Mitosis involves the separation of copied chromosomes into separate cells</div>
<div>
Unregulated Cell Division Can Lead to Cancer</div>
<div>
Cell-cycle checkpoints normally ensure that DNA replication and mitosis occur only when conditions are favorable and the process is working correctly.</div>
<div>
Mutations in genes that encode cell-cycle proteins can lead to unregulated growth, resulting in tumor formation and ultimately invasion of cancerous cells to other organs.</div>
<div>
In order to better understand the concept of cell division and genetics, some basic definitions are in order:</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
gene - basic unit of heredity; codes for a specific trait</div>
<div>
locus - the specific location of a gene on a chromosome (locus - plural loci)</div>
<div>
genome - the total hereditary endowment of DNA of a cell or organism</div>
<div>
somatic cell - all body cells except reproductive cells</div>
<div>
gamete - reproductive cells (i.e. sperm & eggs)</div>
<div>
chromosome - elongate cellular structure composed of DNA and protein - they are the vehicles which carry DNA in cells</div>
<div>
diploid (2n) - cellular condition where each chromosome type is represented by two homologous chromosomes</div>
<div>
haploid (n) - cellular condition where each chromosome type is represented by only one chromosome</div>
<div>
homologous chromosome - chromosome of the same size and shape which carry the same type of genes</div>
<div>
chromatid - one of two duplicated chromosomes connected at the centromere</div>
<div>
centromere - region of chromosome where microtubules attach during mitosis and meiosis</div>
<div>
Chromosome structure</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
chromosome structure<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></div>
<div>
composed of DNA and protein (histones) all tightly wrapped up in one package</div>
<div>
duplicated chromosomes are connected by a centromere</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
2n=4<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Example - an organism is 2n = 4. </div>
<div>
Chromosomes 1 & 2 are homologous chromosomes</div>
<div>
Chromosomes 3 & 4 are homologous chromosomes</div>
<div>
Chromosomes 1 & 3 came from the mother</div>
<div>
Chromosomes 2 & 4 came from the father</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Typical Animal Life Cycle</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
animal life cycle</div>
<div>
The Cell Cycle</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
cell cycle<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>G1 - first gap</div>
<div>
S - DNA synthesis (replication)</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
G2 - second gap</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
M - mitosis</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
mitosis - nuclear/chemical events resulting in two daughter nuclei which have identical genetic material to each other and to the mother cell</div>
<div>
cytokinesis - division of the cytoplasm. This usually occurs with mitosis, but in some organisms this is not so</div>
<div>
Mitosis in a Nutshell</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
The stages of the cell cycle can be broken down into six stages:</div>
<div>
Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase</div>
<div>
Interphase </div>
<div>
is the "resting" or non-mitotic portion of the cell cycle. </div>
<div>
It is comprised of G1, S, and G2 stages of the cell cycle. </div>
<div>
DNA is replicated during the S phase of Interphase</div>
<div>
Prophase<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Prophase<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Prophase - the first stage of mitosis.</div>
<div>
The chromosomes condense and become visible</div>
<div>
The centrioles form and move toward opposite ends of the cell ("the poles")</div>
<div>
The nuclear membrane dissolves</div>
<div>
The mitotic spindle forms (from the centrioles in animal cells)</div>
<div>
Spindle fibers from each centriole attach to each sister chromatid at the kinetochore</div>
<div>
Compare Prophase to the Prophase I and to the Prophase II stages of mitosis.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Metaphase</div>
<div>
The Centrioles complete their migration to the poles</div>
<div>
The chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell ("the equator")</div>
<div>
Compare Metaphase to the Metaphase I and to the Metaphase II stages of mitosis. <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Metaphase<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Metaphase</div>
<div>
Anaphase<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Anaphase<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Anaphase</div>
<div>
Spindles attached to kinetochores begin to shorten.</div>
<div>
This exerts a force on the sister chromatids that pulls them apart.</div>
<div>
Spindle fibers continue to shorten, pulling chromatids to opposite poles.</div>
<div>
This ensures that each daughter cell gets identical sets of chromosomes</div>
<div>
Compare Anaphase to the Anaphase I and to the Anaphase II stages of mitosis.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Telophase</div>
<div>
The chromosomes decondense</div>
<div>
The nuclear envelope forms</div>
<div>
Cytokinesis reaches completion, creating two daughter cells</div>
<div>
Compare Telophase to the Telophase I and to the Telophase II stages of mitosis.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Telophase<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Telophase</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Cytokinesis Divides the Cytoplasm</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
In animal cells, cytokinesis occurs by a process known as cleavage</div>
<div>
First, a cleavage furrow appears</div>
<div>
cleavage furrow = shallow groove near the location of the old metaphase plate</div>
<div>
A contractile ring of actin microfilaments in association with myosin, a protein</div>
<div>
Actin and myosin are also involved in muscle contraction and other movement functions</div>
<div>
The contraction of a the dividing cell's ring of microfilaments is like the pulling of drawstrings</div>
<div>
The cell is pinched in two</div>
<div>
Cytokinesis in plant cells is different because plant cells have cell walls.</div>
<div>
There is no cleavage furrow</div>
<div>
During telophase, vesicles from the Golgi apparatus move along microtubules to the middle of the cell (where the cell plate was) and coalesce, producing the cell plate</div>
<div>
Cell-wall construction materials are carried in the vesicles and are continually deposited until a complete cell wall forms between the two daughter cells</div>
</div>
<div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Simple Animal Cell Animal Cell Model Diagram Project Parts Structure Labeled Coloring and Plant Cell Organelles Cake</b></span></div>
eererhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13447706179354906582noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8122356833369504730.post-88879536385558441892014-03-18T07:45:00.003-07:002014-03-18T07:45:42.898-07:00Animal Cells And Their Functions Animal Cell Model Diagram Project Parts Structure Labeled Coloring and Plant Cell Organelles Cake<h2>
<span style="font-size: large;">Animal Cells And Their Functions Biography</span></h2>
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Source:- Google.com.pk</div>
Notes<br />
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The Department of Biology reserves the right to limit enrolment in Biology courses to those individuals whose Academic Plans require those courses.<br />
Biology Courses: While the Biology Department wishes to teach all students who request its courses, the Department's resources are limited. Priority of access to crowded courses will be given to students whose academic plan requires those particular courses be taken. Students who do not attend the first week of laboratory classes may find that their place has been given to another student.<br />
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BIOL 100s<br />
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BIOL 101 LEC 0.50<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Course ID: 014690<br />
Biology in the Modern World<br />
This course will introduce a variety of fundamental concepts of biology, with the goal of improving scientific literacy. Topics will include the scientific method, biodiversity, genetics, evolution, physiology, and ecology. [Offered: W]<br />
Prereq: Not open to students in a Biology plan.<br />
Antireq: Any university BIOL course<br />
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BIOL 110 LAB,LEC,TST 0.50<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Course ID: 003654<br />
Introductory Zoology<br />
A study of the functional morphology of selected animals with special emphasis on the various grades of organization and development in the different phyla. [Offered: F]<br />
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BIOL 120 LAB,LEC,TST 0.50<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Course ID: 003657<br />
Introduction to Plant Structure and Function<br />
A brief introduction to plant diversity, and the anatomy and physiology of vascular plants. The course will include a description of major cell and tissue types, and their organization in roots, stems, and leaves. Topics such as the processes of water and ion uptake, photosynthesis, long distance transport, and growth regulation will also be covered. [Offered: W,S]<br />
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BIOL 130 LEC,TST,TUT 0.50<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Course ID: 011617<br />
Introductory Cell Biology<br />
An introduction to the concepts of cell biology with emphasis on (1) the structural organization of the cell and (2) the function of critical molecular processes that are characteristic of living organisms.<br />
[Note: BIOL 130L may be required for entrance to certain professional/graduate programs. Offered: F,S,W]<br />
Antireq: PHYS 381<br />
Also offered Online<br />
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BIOL 130L LAB 0.25<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Course ID: 011567<br />
Cell Biology Laboratory<br />
Experiments to study the principles of cell biology that are elaborated in BIOL 130. [Offered: F,S]<br />
Coreq: BIOL 130.<br />
Antireq: BIOL 230<br />
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BIOL 150 LEC 0.50<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Course ID: 003668<br />
Organismal and Evolutionary Ecology<br />
This course provides students with an introduction to the basic principles of Scientific Reasoning, Ecology and Evolution. Coverage includes hypothesis testing and the nature of scientific inquiry, basic population genetics, physiological ecology, life histories, dispersal, basic population and community ecology, macroevolution, systematics and classification, as well as functional morphology. [Formerly BIOL 250. Offered: F]<br />
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BIOL 165 LEC 0.50<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Course ID: 009491<br />
Diversity of Life<br />
An introduction to the diversity of living organisms from simple prokaryotes to complex eukaryotes. Current ideas on classification and phylogeny will be compared with traditional schemes. Morphology, ecology, and economic uses of representative Phyla and Divisions will be discussed. [Formerly BIOL 265. Offered: W]<br />
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eererhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13447706179354906582noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8122356833369504730.post-63822760554251777822014-03-18T07:25:00.003-07:002014-03-18T07:25:56.768-07:00Animal Cell Diagram Labeled Animal Cell Model Diagram Project Parts Structure Labeled Coloring and Plant Cell Organelles Cake<h2>
<span style="font-size: large;">Animal Cell Diagram Labeled Biography</span></h2>
<div>
Source:- Google.com.pk</div>
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Animal and Plant Cells - first select Similarities and then select Differences from the index on the left at this page.</div>
Animal Cell Anatomy - a good clean drawing from Enchanted Learning<br />
Animal Cell Diagram Quiz - fourteen organelles to identify, hints are available This site includes questions for your students to check their understanding<br />
Animal Cell Diagram Quiz - Reverse - an organelle name is given you are to pick which number corresponds with the name This site includes questions for your students to check their understanding<br />
Animal Cells - from Kimball's Online Biology Pages<br />
Cell Organelles - select Plant or Animal (from Cells Alive)<br />
Cell Organelles Quiz - a matching quiz at Quia This site includes questions for your students to check their understanding<br />
The Cell Page - Click on the label for any plant or animal cell organelle to find out more about it. (great drawings) [this expired page is from the Internet Archive known as the Wayback Machine]<br />
A PowerPoint show related to this standardCell Parts - simple PowerPoint show comparing organelles of plant and animal cells<br />
Cell Structure - an index of five interactive learning modules This site is interactive and allows students to play a game or input or collect data<br />
A PowerPoint show related to this standardCell Structure - a 48 slide PowerPoint show<br />
A PowerPoint show related to this standardCell Structure and Function - a 76 slide PowerPoint show<br />
A PowerPoint show related to this standardCell Structure and Function - a 69 slide PowerPoint show with many great images<br />
Cell Structure and Function Quiz - fifteen question quiz, answers to choose are in drop down boxes [this expired page is from the Internet Archive known as the Wayback Machine] This site includes questions for your students to check their understanding<br />
Cells and Organelles - includes an interactive drawing that identifies organelles upon mouse over<br />
Cells and their Organelles - an eight page worksheet with explanation, cell drawings to identify and a table to complete A Microsoft Word document to be downloaded This link includes something for the teacher to print<br />
Comparing plant and animal cells - Teachnology has a worksheet to help your students distinguish between the cells This link includes something for the teacher to print<br />
Comparison Of Plant and Animal Cells This site is interactive and allows students to play a game or input or collect data<br />
A PowerPoint show related to this standardComparison of Plant and Animal Cells - 26 slides including a Venn diagram for comparing<br />
Focusing on the Cell - a lesson plan from the Children's Museum of Indianapolis A lesson plan can be found at this site<br />
Inside the Cell - from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences - Owner's Guide to the Cell - includes specifics regarding organelles<br />
Major Eukaroytic Cell Organelles - sub-cell parts with special catalytic functions [includes links to many great pictures]<br />
Organelle - from Wikipedia<br />
Organelle Function Page - posted by the Utah State Office of Education - Organelle Functions organized in a table<br />
Plant and Animal Cell - a sheet to print with side by side labeled cells This link includes something for the teacher to print<br />
Plant and Animal Cells - This real-time 3D model allows the user to inspect the structures of both plant and animal cells. The student is able to explore the entire cell from any angle as well as drill down to individual organelles of the cell for more information and a better view. This site is interactive and allows students to play a game or input or collect data<br />
Plant Cell - from Kimball's Online Biology Pages<br />
Review cell structure and function (plant and animal) [this expired page is from the Internet Archive known as the Wayback Machine] This site is interactive and allows students to play a game or input or collect data<br />
A PowerPoint show related to this standardStructure and Function of Cells - a 33 slide PowerPoint show<br />
A PowerPoint show related to this standardTour of the Cell - this 28 slide show uses animation effectively [caution: designed for AP Biology]<br />
A PowerPoint show related to this standardA Tour of the Cell - this 22 slide show produced by Pearson Prentice Hall has a clean look and good images<br />
A PowerPoint show related to this standardA Tour of the Cell - there are 16 great cell images in this show that you might want to harvest [this expired slide show is from the Internet Archive known as the Wayback Machine]<br />
A PowerPoint show related to this standardA Tour of the Cell: Exploring Life - This 66 slide show has a large number of great images. You may need to edit it before using in 7th grade science.<br />
Virtual Cell - roll your cursor over the cell drawing<br />
Virtual Plant Cell - Have a safe journey and beware of flying chloroplasts! This site is interactive and allows students to play a game or input or collect data<br />
What is a Cell - from the National Center for Biotechnology Information [27 pages if printed]<br />
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eererhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13447706179354906582noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8122356833369504730.post-38155415370378869402014-03-17T23:51:00.001-07:002014-03-17T23:51:28.897-07:00Animal Cell Projects Animal Cell Model Diagram Project Parts Structure Labeled Coloring and Plant Cell Organelles Cake<h2>
<span style="font-size: large;">Animal Cell Projects Biography </span></h2>
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Source:- Google.com.pk</div>
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1. Holiday homework By : “Aviral Gupta”</div>
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2. Animal cell An Animal cell is a form of eukaryotic cell that makes up many tissues in animals. The animal cell is distinct from other eukaryotes, most notably plant cells, as they lack cell walls and chloroplasts, and they have smaller vacuoles. Due to the lack of a rigid cell wall, animal cells can adopt a variety of shapes, and a phagocytic cell (white blood cells that protect the body by ingesting harmful foreign particles, bacteria, and dead or dying cells) can even engulf other structures.</div>
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3. Animal Cell</div>
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4. Cell Membrane Golgi Cytoplasm apparatus Nucleus Lysosomes Endoplasmic Mitochondria reticulum Vacuoles</div>
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5. Cell Membrane The cell membrane or plasma membrane is a biological membrane that separates the interior of all cells from the outside environment. The cell membrane is selectively permeable to ions and organic molecules and controls the movement of substances in and out of cells. It basically protects the cell from outside forces. It consists of the lipid bilayer with embedded proteins.</div>
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6. Cytoplasm The cytoplasm is the gel-like substance residing between the cell membrane holding all the cells internal sub-structures (called organelles), except for the nucleus. All the contents of the cells of prokaryote organisms (which lack a cell nucleus) are contained within the cytoplasm. Within the cells of eukaryote organisms the contents of the cell nucleus are separated from the cytoplasm, and are then called the nucleoplasm. The cytoplasm is about 70% to 90% water and</div>
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7. Cytoplasm</div>
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8. Nucleus Nuclear membrane acts as a physical barrier, separating the nucleoplasm from the cytoplasm. It is a semi permeable membrane and allows transport of substances in and out of nucleus. Its inner membrane is involved in protein synthesis. It acts as a filter in animal cell and it is brain like organ in animal cell. The nucleus serves as a storage and replication facility for DNA - the blueprint</div>
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9. Nucleus</div>
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10. Endoplasmic reticulum The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an organelle of cells in eukaryotic organisms that forms an interconnected network of tubules, vesicles, and cisterna. The structure of an endoplasmic reticulum is a membranous network cisterna (sac-like structures) held together by the the cytoskeleton. The endoplasmic reticulum serves many general functions, including the facilitation of protein folding and the transport of synthesized proteins in sacs</div>
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11. Endoplasmic reticulum</div>
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12. Golgi apparatus The Golgi apparatus, also known as the Golgi complex or Golgi body, is an organelle found in most eukaryotic cells. It was identified in 1897 by the Italian physician Camillo Golgi and named after him in 1898. The Golgi is composed of stacks of membrane-bound structures known as cisternae. The function of the Golgi apparatus is to modify, sort, and package proteins and other materials from the cellular endoplasmic reticulum for storage within the Cell and (much more often) for the secretion of these proteinaceous bio-</div>
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13. Golgi apparatus</div>
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14. Lysosomes Lysosomes are cellular organelles that contain acid hydrolase enzymes that break down waste materials and cellular debris. These are non-specific. They can be described as the stomach of the cell. They are found in animal cells, while their existence in yeasts and plants are disputed. These organelles are responsible for digesting the macromolecules that pose a threat to the</div>
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15. Lysosomes</div>
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16. Mitochondria In cell biology, mitochondrion is a membrane-enclosed organelle found in most eukaryotic cells. These organelles range from 0.5 to 1.0 micrometer (μm) in diameter. Mitochondria are sometimes described as "cellular power plants" because they generate most of the cells supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), used as a source of chemical energy. The most prominent roles of mitochondria are to produce the energy currency of the cell.</div>
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17. Mitochondria</div>
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18. Vacuoles A vacuole is a membrane- bound organelle which is present in all plants and fungal cells and some protist, animals and bacterial cells. Vacuoles are essentially enclosed compartments which are filled with water containing inorganic and organic molecules including enzymes in solution, though in certain cases they may contain solids which have been engulfed. It throws unwanted material.</div>
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19. Vacuole</div>
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20. AnimalCell</div>
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21. Deference betweenAnimal Cell And Plant Cell</div>
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22. Animal Cell Plant CellShape: Round (irregular shape) Rectangular (fixed shape)Cilia: Present It is very rareChloroplast: dont have chloroplasts Plant cells have chloroplasts because they make their own foodLysosomes: occur in cytoplasm. usually not evident.Vacuole: One or more small vacuoles (much One, large central vacuole smaller than plant cells). taking up 90% of cell volume.Centrioles: Present in all animal cells Only present in lower plant forms.Plastids: Absent PresentCell wall: Absent PresentPlasma Membrane: only cell membrane cell wall and cell membrane</div>
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eererhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13447706179354906582noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8122356833369504730.post-62625377101502592372014-03-17T23:39:00.000-07:002014-03-17T23:39:04.512-07:00Animals Cell Animal Cell Model Diagram Project Parts Structure Labeled Coloring and Plant Cell Organelles Cake<h2>
<span style="font-size: large;">Animals Cell Biography</span></h2>
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Source:- Google.com.pk</div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></div>
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ear bar </div>
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Model: </div>
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price:</div>
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update:3/7/2014</div>
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Suplier:J&K seiko electronic Co.,ltd</div>
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[origin of place:China]</div>
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hits:81</div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></div>
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mouse adaptor </div>
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Model: </div>
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price:</div>
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update:3/7/2014</div>
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Suplier:J&K seiko electronic Co.,ltd</div>
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[origin of place:China]</div>
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hits:74</div>
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Accessories in pathology- Plastic dyeing box </div>
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Model: HY--56 </div>
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price:0086-18658903822</div>
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update:3/7/2014</div>
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Suplier:Jinhua Huiyou Equipment And Instrument Co., Ltd.</div>
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[origin of place:China]</div>
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hits:797</div>
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Accessories in pathology- Cassette holder </div>
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Model: HY--41 </div>
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price:0086-18658903822</div>
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update:3/7/2014</div>
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Suplier:Jinhua Huiyou Equipment And Instrument Co., Ltd.</div>
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[origin of place:China]</div>
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hits:793</div>
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Orbital Shaker </div>
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Model: OS-300 </div>
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price:</div>
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update:3/4/2014</div>
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Suplier:Hangzhou Allsheng Instrment Co,.Ltd</div>
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[origin of place:China]</div>
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hits:433</div>
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CellNest Solo </div>
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Model: CellNest Solo </div>
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price:sales@shbiotech.com</div>
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update:8/28/2013</div>
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Suplier:Shanghai Bio-Tech Co., Ltd</div>
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[origin of place:China]</div>
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hits:686</div>
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CellNest Roller </div>
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Model: CellNest Roller </div>
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price:sales@shbiotech.com</div>
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update:8/28/2013</div>
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Suplier:Shanghai Bio-Tech Co., Ltd</div>
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[origin of place:China]</div>
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hits:731</div>
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CellNest VIEW </div>
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Model: Easy </div>
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price:sales@shbiotech.com</div>
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update:8/28/2013</div>
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Suplier:Shanghai Bio-Tech Co., Ltd</div>
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[origin of place:China]</div>
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hits:306</div>
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Circulating Tumor Cells </div>
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Model: </div>
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price:</div>
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update:8/23/2013</div>
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Suplier:Empire Genomics</div>
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[origin of place:China]</div>
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hits:189</div>
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10liters liquid nitrogen container </div>
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Model: YDS-10 </div>
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price:</div>
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update:6/15/2013</div>
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Suplier:Hengda Industrial and Trade Co., Ltd.</div>
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[origin of place:China]</div>
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hits:173</div>
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6L liquid nitrogen container </div>
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Model: YDS-6 </div>
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price:</div>
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update:6/15/2013</div>
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Suplier:Hengda Industrial and Trade Co., Ltd.</div>
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[origin of place:China]</div>
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hits:169</div>
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3liters liquid nitrogen container </div>
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Model: YDS-3 </div>
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price:</div>
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update:6/15/2013</div>
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Suplier:Hengda Industrial and Trade Co., Ltd.</div>
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[origin of place:China]</div>
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hits:186</div>
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2liters liquid nitrogen container </div>
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Model: YDS-2 </div>
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price:</div>
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update:6/15/2013</div>
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Suplier:Hengda Industrial and Trade Co., Ltd.</div>
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[origin of place:China]</div>
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hits:200</div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></div>
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Liquid Nitrogen Tank </div>
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Model: YDS-3 </div>
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price:</div>
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update:6/15/2013</div>
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Suplier:Hengda Industrial and Trade Co., Ltd.</div>
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[origin of place:China]</div>
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hits:177</div>
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OriCell TM Stain C57 Mouse Mesenchymal Stem Cells </div>
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Model: </div>
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price:</div>
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update:6/2/2011</div>
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Suplier:Cyagen Biosciences(Guangzhou)</div>
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[origin of place:China]</div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></div>
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OriCellTM Balb/c Mouse Mesenchymal Stem Cells </div>
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Model: </div>
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price:</div>
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update:6/2/2011</div>
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Suplier:Cyagen Biosciences(Guangzhou)</div>
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[origin of place:China]</div>
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hits:431</div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></div>
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OriCell TM Sprague-Dawley Rat Neural Stem Cells </div>
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Model: </div>
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price:</div>
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update:6/2/2011</div>
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Suplier:Cyagen Biosciences(Guangzhou)</div>
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[origin of place:China]</div>
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hits:361</div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></div>
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OriCellTM Sprague-Dawley Rat Adipose-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cell </div>
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Model: </div>
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price:</div>
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update:6/2/2011</div>
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Suplier:Cyagen Biosciences(Guangzhou)</div>
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[origin of place:China]</div>
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hits:375</div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></div>
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OriCellTM Strain C57 Mouse Adipose-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells </div>
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Model: </div>
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price:</div>
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update:6/2/2011</div>
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Suplier:Cyagen Biosciences(Guangzhou)</div>
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[origin of place:China]</div>
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hits:435</div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></div>
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OriCellTM Human Adipose-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cell </div>
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Model: </div>
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price:</div>
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update:6/2/2011</div>
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Suplier:Cyagen Biosciences(Guangzhou)</div>
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[origin of place:China]</div>
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hits:421</div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></div>
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OriCell TM Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells </div>
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Model: Cat. No.: HUXMA-01001 </div>
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price:</div>
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update:6/2/2011</div>
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Suplier:Cyagen Biosciences(Guangzhou)</div>
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[origin of place:China]</div>
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hits:1262</div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></div>
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OriCell TM Sprague-Dawley Rat Mesenchymal Stem Cells </div>
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Model: Cat. No.: RASMX-01001 </div>
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price:</div>
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update:6/2/2011</div>
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Suplier:Cyagen Biosciences(Guangzhou)</div>
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[origin of place:China]</div>
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hits:1591</div>
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<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></div>
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OriCell TM Rabbit Mesenchymal Stem Cells </div>
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Model: Cat. No.: RBXMX-01001 </div>
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price:</div>
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update:6/2/2011</div>
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Suplier:Cyagen Biosciences(Guangzhou)</div>
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[origin of place:China]</div>
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eererhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13447706179354906582noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8122356833369504730.post-23502010228891838172014-03-17T23:27:00.003-07:002014-03-17T23:27:47.496-07:00Animal Cell Gcse Animal Cell Model Diagram Project Parts Structure Labeled Coloring and Plant Cell Organelles Cake<h2>
<span style="font-size: large;">Animal Cell Gcse Biography</span></h2>
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;">Source:- Google.com.pk</span></span><br />
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All animals and plants are made of cells. Animal cells and plant cells have features in common, such as a nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, mitochondria and ribosomes. Plant cells also have a cell wall, and often have chloroplasts and a permanent vacuole. Note that cells may be specialised to carry out a particular function.</div>
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Dissolved substances pass into and out of cells by diffusion. Water passes into and out of cells by osmosis.</div>
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Animal and plant cells</div>
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Function of cells which animal and plant cells have in common</div>
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part<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>function</div>
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nucleus<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>contains genetic material, which controls the activities of the cell</div>
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cytoplasm<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>most chemical processes take place here, controlled by enzymes</div>
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cell membrane<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>controls the movement of substances into and out of the cell</div>
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mitochondria<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>most energy is released by respiration here</div>
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ribosomes<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>protein synthesis happens here</div>
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Plant cells also have extra parts:</div>
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Extra parts of plant cells</div>
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part<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>function</div>
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cell wall<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>strengthens the cell</div>
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chloroplasts<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>contain chlorophyll, which absorbs light energy for photosynthesis</div>
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permanent vacuole<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>filled with cell sap to help keep the cell turgid</div>
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Make sure you can label diagrams of animal and plant cells, like these:</div>
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Specialised cells</div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
Cells may be specialised for a particular function. Their structure will allow them to carry this function out. Here are some examples:</div>
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Examples of the functions of cells</div>
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Cell<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Function<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Adaption</div>
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cross section through a leaf cell</div>
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Leaf cell</div>
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Absorbs light energy for photosynthesis<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Packed with chloroplasts. Regular shaped, closely packed cells form a continuous layer for efficient absorption of sunlight.</div>
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root hair cell - has a head and tail</div>
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Root hair cell</div>
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Absorbs water and mineral ions from the soil<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Long 'finger-like' process with very thin wall, which gives a large surface area.</div>
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sperm cell - has a head and tail</div>
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Sperm cell</div>
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Fertilises an egg cell - female gamete<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The head contains genetic information and an enzyme to help penetrate the egg cell membrane. The middle section is packed with mitochondria for energy. The tail moves the sperm to the egg.</div>
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red blood cells</div>
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Red blood cells</div>
<div>
Contain haemoglobin to carry oxygen to the cells.<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Thin outer membrane to let oxygen diffuse through easily. Shape increases the surface area to allow more oxygen to be absorbed efficiently. No nucleus, so the whole cell is full of haemoglobin.</div>
<div>
You are likely to be given information, perhaps in a diagram, to help you to explain the adaptations of a particular cell type to its function.</div>
<div>
Dissolved substances have to pass through the cell membrane to get into or out of a cell. Diffusion is one of the processes that allows this to happen.</div>
<div>
Diffusion occurs when particles spread. They move from a region where they are in high concentration to a region where they are in low concentration. Diffusion happens when the particles are free to move. This is true in gases and for particles dissolved in solutions. Particles diffuse down a concentration gradient, from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. This is how the smell of cooking travels around the house from the kitchen, for example.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Examples of diffusion</div>
<div>
Two examples of diffusion down concentration gradients</div>
<div>
location<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>particles move<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>from<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>to</div>
<div>
gut<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>digested food products<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>gut cavity<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>blood in capillary of villus</div>
<div>
lungs<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>oxygen<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>alveolar air space<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>blood circulating around the lungs</div>
<div>
Remember, particles continue to move from a high to a low concentration while there is a concentration gradient.</div>
<div>
In the lungs, the blood will continue to take in oxygen from the alveolar air spaces provided the concentration of oxygen there is greater than in the blood. Oxygen diffuses across the alveolar walls into the blood, and the circulation takes the oxygen-rich blood away.</div>
</div>
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eererhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13447706179354906582noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8122356833369504730.post-67185683345355433092014-03-17T23:19:00.001-07:002014-03-17T23:19:15.416-07:00Vacuoles In Animal Cells Animal Cell Model Diagram Project Parts Structure Labeled Coloring and Plant Cell Organelles Cake<h2>
<span style="font-size: large;">Vacuoles In Animal Cells Biography </span></h2>
<div>
Source:- Google.com.pk</div>
<div>
<div>
Difference Between Plant And Animal Cells</div>
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Plant and animal cells are both eukaryotic cells. However, there are distinct differences between the cells found in plants and those found in animals.</div>
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The differences between the two types of cells can be seen with a light microscope. Below is a list of the major differences:</div>
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ANIMAL CELLS<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>PLANT CELLS</div>
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Does not have a cell wall, irregular in shape<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Has a cell wall, regular in shape</div>
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No chloroplast present<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Chloroplast present</div>
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Small temporary vacuoles or no vacuole<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Large vacuoles located in the centre of the cell</div>
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Starch grains not present<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Starch grains present</div>
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The nucleus is usually located centrally<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Due to the central location of the vacuole, the nucleus of the cell may be located at the edge of the cell</div>
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<div>
TYPICAL ANIMAL CELL</div>
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Similarities between plant and animal cells:</div>
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-Both have a cell surface membrane that surrounds the cell.</div>
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-Both contain endoplasmic reticulum</div>
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-Both have cytoplasm</div>
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-Both contain ribosomes</div>
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-Both contain a nucleus</div>
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-Both contain mitochondria</div>
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Specialization Of Cells</div>
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In living organisms there are millions of cells present. If all the cells in a body were the same and performed the same functions, there would be some functions that an organism would be unable to perform. As a result, some of these cells are specialized and grouped together to form tissues which may form organs. Since each of these tissues and organs perform a specific function, there is a division of labour and increased efficiency.</div>
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Cells are able to perform different functions because of their structure, the proteins they produce and the organelles present. Since different cells perform different functions a nerve cell, for example, cannot have the same structure as a white blood cell. This specialization is the same for the organelles within the cells. In the cell, each organelle has its own role involving its own specialized structure and chemistry. All the cells and organelles within a cell do their own thing but they all come together for one purpose and that’s to allow proper body function.</div>
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Specialized cells differ in size, shape and function. These modifications of the cell enable it to perform its task properly. Both plant and animal cells may be specialized for different tasks.</div>
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Examples of Specialized cells are:</div>
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-Nerve cell</div>
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-White blood cell</div>
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-Red blood cell</div>
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-Fat cells</div>
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-Root hair cell</div>
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-Palisade cell</div>
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NERVE CELL</div>
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Cells that perform the same specific functions are grouped together in the body to form tissues. Some of the main tissues in Man are:</div>
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-Muscle</div>
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-Nerve</div>
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-Connective</div>
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-Epithelium</div>
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The main tissues in plants are:</div>
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-Xylem</div>
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-Phloem</div>
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Tissues are grouped together to form organs.</div>
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Examples of organs in animals are: kidney, liver and stomach.</div>
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Examples of organs in plants are: stem, root, leaf.</div>
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Organs are then grouped together to form systems.</div>
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An example of a system is the excretory system which we will be examining shortly.</div>
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From the flow chart above, it can be seen that cells group together to form tissues and tissues form organs. Organs are grouped together to form systems which collectively form an organism.</div>
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eererhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13447706179354906582noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8122356833369504730.post-26912704992489619522014-03-17T23:09:00.000-07:002014-03-17T23:09:56.651-07:00Functions Of Animal Cells Animal Cell Model Diagram Project Parts Structure Labeled Coloring and Plant Cell Organelles Cake<h2>
<span style="font-size: large;">Functions Of Animal Cells <b>biography</b></span></h2>
<span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;">Source:- Google.com.pk</span><br />
Biology<br />
<br />
BIO 100: Introductory Biology (3) I, II.<br />
Prerequisite: Completion of all developmental requirements. The course will deal with introductory principles of biology that are fundamental to an individual’s knowledge as it pertains to the interrelationships of organisms in the natural world. Topics to be addressed: cellular basis of life, metabolism, genetics, biological diversity, reproduction, evolution, ecology, and environmental biology. May not be used to satisfy area, major, or minor requirements. Credit will not be awarded to students who have credit for BIO 101 or 102. 2 Lec/2Lab. Gen. Ed. E-4.<br />
<br />
BIO 101: Essentials of Biology (3) I, II.<br />
ONLINE ONLY. Prerequisite: Completion of all developmental requirements. Biological principles and applications as relates to life on earth from the molecular to ecosphere scale; current topics in genetics, evolution, ecology, plant and animal diversity, and human biology will be discussed. May not be used to satisfy area, major, or minor requirements. Credit will not be awarded to students who have credit for BIO 100 or 102. 2 Lec/2 Lab. Gen. Ed. E-4.<br />
<br />
BIO 102: Inquiry Biology for Teachers (3) I, II.<br />
Prerequisite: completion of all developmental requirements; pre-teaching or teaching elementary and middle school education majors only or departmental approval. An inquiry-based, conceptual-approach biological sciences course for teaching majors. Topics include the nature of science, cell biology, biodiversity, inheritance, ecology and ecosystems, evolution and adaptation. May not be used to satisfy area, major, or minor requirements. Credit will not be awarded to students who have credit for BIO 100 or 101. 2 Lec/2 Lab. Gen. Ed. E-4.<br />
<br />
BIO 111: Cell and Molecular Biology (4) I, II.<br />
Prerequisite: Completion of all developmental requirements. An introduction to fundamental principles of cell and molecular biology as they apply to plants, animals, and microbes; the molecular basis of life, cellular structure and function, genetic and molecular biology. Designed for biology majors. Credit will not be awarded for both BIO 111 and BIO 121. 3 Lec/2Lab. Gen. Ed. E-4.<br />
<br />
BIO 112: Ecology and Evolution (4) I, II.<br />
Prerequisite: Completion of all developmental requirements. An introduction to the fundamental principles of ecology and evolution: interactions among plants, animals, microbes, and their environment, and the diversification of life through evolutionary processes. Designed for biology majors. 3 Lect/2 Lab. Gen. Ed. E-4.<br />
<br />
BIO 121: Principles of Biology (4) I, II.<br />
Course dropped. Replaced with BIO 111 and BIO 112.<br />
<br />
BIO 131: General Botany (4) I, II.<br />
Course dropped. Replaced with BIO 318: General Botany.<br />
<br />
BIO 141: General Zoology (4) I, II.<br />
Course dropped. Replaced with BIO 319: General Zoology.<br />
<br />
BIO 171: Human Anatomy (3) I, II.<br />
Prerequisite: Completion of all developmental requirements. A study of the basic anatomy of the human body and appropriate correlations with body functions. 2 Lec/2 Lab. Gen. Ed. VII (NS).<br />
<br />
BIO 215: Insects and Society (3) (A)<br />
An introduction to insects and their influence on human society. Impacts of insects on our food supply, homes and health, as well as the influence of insects on culture, world history, and the long-term maintenance of the earth’s critical support systems. May not be used to satisfy biology major or minor requirements. Gen. Ed. VII.<br />
<br />
BIO 271: Advanced Human Anatomy (3) II<br />
Prerequisites: BIO 171 and departmental approval. An advanced study of human anatomy. Emphasis is placed on the musculoskeletal and nervous systems and their anatomical and functional relationships. May not be used to satisfy area, major, or minor requirements. 2 Lec/2 Lab.<br />
<br />
BIO 273: Clinical Microbiology (4) I, II<br />
Prerequisite: BIO 171. A study of microorganisms as causative agents in diseases of humans with emphasis on differentiation and culture, types of diseases, modes of transmission, prophylactic, therapeutic and epidemiological considerations. May not be used to satisfy area, major, or minor requirements. Creditwill not be awarded for both BIO 273 and CLT 209. 2 Lec/4 Lab. Gen. Ed. VII (NS).<br />
<br />
BIO 300: Economic Plants (3) I, II<br />
Economic consideration of plants as sources of food, medicine, and other products; the origin, domestication, general anatomy and culture of plants; deleterious plants; aspects of aesthetics and effect on society and world events. May not be used to satisfy area, major, or minor requirements, except the biology (teaching) major and minor.<br />
<br />
BIO 301: Human Physiology (3) I, II<br />
Functions of human life processes at the cellular, tissue, and organ‑system levels of organization with emphasis on homeostatic mechanisms will be considered in this course. May not be used to satisfy area, major, or minor requirements. Gen. Ed. VII (NS).<br />
<br />
BIO 303: Human Heredity and Society (3) I, II<br />
Inheritance of human traits, including blood groups, sex and sex‑related traits, lethal factors, mental capacities, and metabolic disorders; pedigrees, family traits, and population trends. A current background in general biology (BIO 100 or NAT 101) is recommended but not required. May not be used to satisfy area, major, or minor requirements. Gen. Ed. VII (NS).<br />
<br />
BIO 304: Birds of Kentucky (3) A<br />
Course Dropped.<br />
<br />
BIO 310: Biology of Aging (3) A<br />
Prerequisite: BIO 100 or NAT 101 or BIO 171 or instructor approval. System by system approach to the biological effects of the aging process on the human body. May not be used to satisfy area, major, or minor requirements in the Department of Biological Sciences. Fulfills University Wellness requirement. Gen. Ed. VI.<br />
<br />
BIO 315: Genetics (4) I, II<br />
Prerequisite: 111 or 112 or departmental approval. Discussion of Mendelian genetics, molecular genetics, genetic mapping, and population genetics. Emphasis on critical thinking skills and logic through experimental analysis. Laboratory will include experimental manipulation of prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. 3 Lec/3 Lab.<br />
<br />
BIO 316: Ecology (4) I, II<br />
Prerequisite: BIO 112. Basic concepts and principles as applied to the study of organisms or groups of organisms in their interrelations to each other and to their environments. 2 Lec/4 Lab.<br />
<br />
BIO 317: Conservation of Wildlife Resources (3) I, II<br />
See WLD 317. (Course prefix has been changed).<br />
<br />
BIO 318: General Botany (4) I, II. (FORMERLY BIO 131)<br />
Prerequisite: BIO 111 or 112. Both courses are recommended. Structure and functions of vascular plants; morphology, classification, life histories, ecology and evolution of autotrophs, plantlike protists, and fungi. Credit will not be awared for both BIO 318 and 131. 3 Lec/3 Lab.<br />
<br />
BIO 319: General Zoology (4) I, II (FORMERLY BIO 141)<br />
Prerequisite: BIO 111 or 112. Both courses are recommended. Morphology, physiology, comparative anatomy, development, life history, evolution, and diversity of animals. Credit will not be awarded for both BIO 319 and 141. 3 Lec/3 Lab.<br />
<br />
BIO 320: Principles of Microbiology (4) I, II<br />
Prerequisites: BIO 121 and CHE 112; or departmental approval. A study of bacteria and other microorganisms, their morphology, development and function; techniques of isolation, cultivation and identification; physiology, nutrition, and genetics; role of microbes in medicine, agriculture, and industry. 2 Lec/4 Lab.<br />
<br />
BIO 328: Plant Physiology (4) II<br />
Course Dropped.<br />
<br />
BIO 331: Cell Biology (3) I<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"></span><br />
Prerequisites: BIO 111 and CHE 112. An introduction to the structure and function of plant and animal cells, with emphasis on the structure and function of cell organelles. An overview of molecular techniques used in the study of cellular metabolism.<br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/Blausen_0435_GolgiApparatus.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/Blausen_0435_GolgiApparatus.png" height="323" width="400" /></a></b></span></div>
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eererhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13447706179354906582noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8122356833369504730.post-87560946882100872742014-03-17T22:58:00.003-07:002014-03-17T22:58:50.733-07:00Plant And Animal Cell Diagram Animal Cell Model Diagram Project Parts Structure Labeled Coloring and Plant Cell Organelles Cake<h2>
<span style="font-size: large;">Plant And Animal Cell Diagram Biography </span></h2>
<div>
<div>
Source:- Google.com.pk</div>
<div>
<div>
Today we had our second lab session. We are currently touching on the topic ‘Microscopy’ and learnt how to use the microscope today.</div>
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Oder of Events:</div>
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Newsletter activity</div>
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Strings Activity</div>
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Observing Plant and Animal Cheek Cells</div>
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Drawing Plant and Animal Cheek Cells</div>
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Newsletter Activity</div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
In this activity, we had to choose a letter from a newspaper article and magnify it under the microscope. I chose the letter G. The result is shown below.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Bio 1Observations:</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
1. The letter ‘G’ is upside down</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
2. It is inverted</div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
3. The paper fiber and be observed.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
* This letter ‘G’ is of a magnification of 100x.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Strings</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
In this activity, we were supposed to magnify different coloured overlapping strings. The 3 colours I used were yellow, blue and pink.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Layout bio</div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
The result is shown below.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Bio 2</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Observations:</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
1. The image is inverted</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
2. The image is upside down.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Question: What are the thin fiber-like things?</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
* It is a magnification of 40x.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Observing Plant and Animal Cells</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Labeling Of Animal and Plant Cells</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
EpitheliumEg. Cheek cell<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Epidermis</div>
<div>
Squamous<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></div>
<div>
1. Typical Plant Cell</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Bio 4</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
We were given a slide of a whole mount of a plant cell. This is how the plant cell looks under the microscope.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Observations:</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
1. It is well structured.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
2. It has an obvious nucleus</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
3. The cell is light blue</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
*It is a magnification of 100x.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
The following is a picture of my friend’s (Yun Ting) observation. She managed to see the plant cell’s chloroplast under her microscope.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Bio 6</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Animal Cheek Cell</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Bio 5</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
This is a slide of a whole mount of a human cheek cell.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
The human cheek cell is also know as the Human Strat Squamous Epithelium.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Observations:</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
1.The cell is purple in colour.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
2. The cell has an irregular shape.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
3. They are everywhere and are not structured.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Things to Note:</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
No free-hand labeling of diagrams (drawing of plant and animal cells)</div>
<div>
No crossing lines in biology drawings</div>
<div>
Mounted cell is called whole mount of _(eg. human cheek cell)_</div>
<div>
Magnification must be mentioned.</div>
<div>
We are unable to see nucleus in all plant cells because plant cells have many layers and the nucleus may be in the other layers.</div>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
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eererhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13447706179354906582noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8122356833369504730.post-28903848734616475832014-03-17T22:39:00.003-07:002014-03-17T22:39:31.892-07:00Do Animal Cells Have Vacuoles Animal Cell Model Diagram Project Parts Structure Labeled Coloring and Plant Cell Organelles Cake<h2>
<span style="font-size: large;">Do Animal Cells Have Vacuoles Biography</span></h2>
<div>
Source:- Google.com.pk</div>
<div>
<div>
Compare the surface to volume ratio (surface:volume) of a cube that is 1 cm X 1 cm X 1 cm with that of a cube that is 10 cm X 10 cm X 10 cm.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Smaller cube (1 cm X 1 cm X 1 cm)</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
The surface area of one side = 1 cm X 1 cm = 1 square cm (or 1 cm2).</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
There are 6 sides, so the total surface area = 6 X cm2 = 6 cm2.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Volume = 1 cm X 1 cm X 1 cm = 1 cubic cm (or 1 cm3)</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Surface:Volume = 6 cm2/1 cm3 = 6 cm2/cm3 (or 6 square cm of surface area for each cubic cm of volume)</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Larger cube (10 cm X 10 cm X 10 cm)</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
The surface area of one side = 10 cm X 10 cm = 100 square cm (or 100 cm2).</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
There are 6 sides, so the total surface area = 600 X cm2 = 600 cm2.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Volume = 10 cm X 10 cm X 10 cm = 1000 cubic cm (or 1000 cm3)</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Surface:Volume = 600 cm2/1000 cm3 = 0.6 cm2/cm3 (or 0.6 square cm of surface area for each cubic cm of volume).</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
The larger cube has more surface area and more volume but less surface area for each cubic centimeter of volume.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Nonmathematical Example</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
A nonmathematical example may help explain why the smaller objects have more surface for each unit of volume.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Large cube and eight smaller cubes</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Imagine that a knife is used to cut the large cube three times to produce the eight smaller cubes shown above. In order to produce the smaller cubes, new surfaces were created when the knife cut the cube. The total surface area of the eight smaller cubes is greater even though the total volume has not changed.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Cells</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
For any given geometric object (cubes, spheres, etc.), smaller objects have a greater surface to volume ratio (surface:volume) than larger objects of the same shape.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Every cell is surrounded by a plasma membrane (discussed below and in the next chapter). Most cells are very small and therefore have a high ratio of plasma membrane surface to cell volume. </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Cell Theory</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
All organisms are composed of cells, and a cell is the smallest unit of living matter.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Cells come only from preexisting cells.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Major Kinds of Cells</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Prokaryotic Cells</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Bacteria and archaea are prokaryotes. Their cells are very small and very simple. They will be discussed later.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Chapter on prokaryotes</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Eukaryotic cells</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
All other cells are eukaryotic cells. These include protists, fungi, plants, and animals.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
The diagram below shows evolutionary relationships between Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Eukaryotic Cells</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Cells contain structures called organelles. The structure and function of the major organelles found in eukaryotic cells are described below.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Plasma membrane</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
All cells are surrounded by a plasma membrane. It separates the contents of the cell from its environment and regulates the passage of molecules into and out of the cell. </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
The membrane contains proteins that have a variety of functions. For example, some proteins are receptors which can detect the presence of certain kinds of molecules in the surrounding fluids. The function of membrane proteins will be discussed in more detail in the chapter on membranes.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
An actively metabolizing cell needs a large surface area. Cells are limited in size because larger cells have a smaller surface to volume ratio.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Cells that are specialized for absorption (ex: intestinal cells) have folds in the plasma membrane called microvilli that increase the surface area.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Pseudopodia are temporary extensions of the plasma membrane used for movement or to engulf particles. Pseudopodia can be seen in the Amoeba below.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Cell Wall</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
The cell wall functions to support and protect the cell.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Plants have cell walls composed of cellulose; fungi have walls composed of chitin.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
The cell walls of these onion skin cells can be easily seen.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Nucleus</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
The nuclei can be seen in the photograph of human cheek cells below.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
cheek cells.jpg (21892 bytes)</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
The nucleus contains DNA. Recall that DNA contains instructions needed to produce proteins that control metabolism and other cell functions.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
One nucleus can serve a limited amount of cytoplasm, so large cells are often multinucleate, that is, they contain more than one nucleus. </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
skeletal_muscle cell.jpg (85983 bytes)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Teased skeletal muscle X 200</div>
<div>
Note the many nuclei visible in the cell on the left.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
The nucleus of eukaryotic cells contain a complex of DNA and proteins called chromatin. It functions to package DNA so that it fits within the nucleus and it compacts the DNA during cell division. It also plays a regulatory role in the expression of some genes. The chromatin contains several discrete pieces called chromosomes. The individual chromosomes are normally not visible but during cell division, the DNA becomes more condensed and the chromosomes become visible using light microscopy.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
The material within the nucleus is referred to as the nucleoplasm.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
A double membrane (nuclear envelope) surrounds the nucleus.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Nuclear pores are openings in the nuclear envelope that allow materials to pass into and out of the nucleus. The passage of RNAs, proteins, and other large molecules can be regulated by proteins associated with the pore called a pore complex.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Cytoplasm</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Cytoplasm is the material enclosed by the plasma membrane, excluding the nucleus.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
amoeba.jpg (56617 bytes)</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Ribosomes</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Ribosomes read the code in mRNA and synthesize protein accordingly.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The symbols to the left are used in the drawings of protein synthesis below.</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The ribosome attaches to the mRNA.</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>As ribosomes move along messenger RNA (mRNA), the amino acids are added to a growing chain to form a particular protein. In these drawings, the ribosome moves from left to right.</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>In this drawing, the protein is nearly complete. When the ribosome reaches the end of the genetic message, it will become detached from the mRNA.</div>
<div>
Several ribosomes may be attached to a strand of mRNA forming a unit called a polysome.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
A ribosome is composed of 2 subunits. In eukaryotic cells, the subunits are synthesized in the nucleolus and move into the cytoplasm. During the process of protein synthesis, two subunits will come together along with mRNA..</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Ribosomes are composed of both RNA (called ribosomal RNA or rRNA) and protein.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Some ribosomes are attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum or the nuclear envelope and others are unattached. Ribosomes attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum synthesize proteins directly into the space enclosed by the rough endoplasmic reticulum (the ER lumen).</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Ribosomes in eukaryotes about 1/3 larger than those in prokaryotes.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Nucleolus</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
The nucleolus is a structure within the nucleus where the ribosomal subunits are produced.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
In cells that have been stained, it appears darker than the nucleus.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Endoplasmic Reticulum</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
The endoplasmic reticulum is a membranous network that extends throughout the cell.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
It is continuous with the nuclear envelope and the plasma membrane.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
The rough appearance of rough endoplasmic reticulum is due to the presence of ribosomes on the membrane.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
The rough ER functions in protein synthesis. Proteins are synthesized by ribosomes attached to the rough ER and enter the lumen (interior) of the endoplasmic reticulum while being synthesized.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
The rough endoplasmic reticulum also functions in the modification of newly formed proteins. For example, some enzymes may add carbohydrate chains forming glycoproteins. Molecular chaperones are enzymes that function to fold the newly-synthesized proteins into their proper shape.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Transport vesicles are small sacs that pinch off of the endoplasmic reticulum or the Golgi apparatus (discussed below) and transport molecules to other parts of the cell.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Many of the proteins produced by the rough ER and packaged into transport vesicles are destined for secretion by the cell.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Some proteins produced by the rough ER will become packaged in organelles called lysosomes. They function in intracellular digestion.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
The rough endoplasmic reticulum also functions to synthesize new membrane, including the phospholipids and embedded proteins. Transport vesicles that originate from the rough endoplasmic reticulum fuse with other membranes in the cell becoming part of the membrane</div>
</div>
<div>
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eererhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13447706179354906582noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8122356833369504730.post-48741712042935095042014-03-17T22:26:00.000-07:002014-03-17T22:26:16.433-07:00Animal And Plant Cells Animal Cell Model Diagram Project Parts Structure Labeled Coloring and Plant Cell Organelles Cake<h2>
<span style="font-size: large;">Animal And Plant Cells Biography</span></h2>
<div>
<div>
Source:- Google.com.pk</div>
<div>
<div>
Mode of Delivery</div>
<div>
Online</div>
<div>
Blended mode online and face to face</div>
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Face-to-face</div>
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1. Rationale</div>
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This unit is part of a university biology course. It is intended for 3rd-year students. It is meant to facilitate comprehension, in physical and biochemical terms, of the mechanisms that occur in living organisms from cell to animal, to vegetable. It is a study of the functions and mechanims for all living things. For convenience purposes, subdivisions were created for the physiology unit. However, some subjects overlap since many functions involve the coordination of several organs and tissue. The learning of the content and methods that are proposed should lead the student to understand actual facts, particularly in agriculture, medicine and they should be able to use this knowledge in other fields of activity. </div>
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2. Prerequisite or knowledge</div>
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The students must have passed courses on animal and vegetable biology.</div>
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To take this course, understanding of animal and vegetable cell organization and mechanisms is mandatory. The students understang what is a system (a group of organs that contributes to one function). Basic knowledge of hormones is also required.</div>
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3. General Objectives</div>
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1. General learning objectives (knowledge). </div>
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- Learn the basic notions of vegetable and animal physiology.</div>
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- Understand the differences between animal and vegetable physiological functions.</div>
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2. General method objective (know-how). Master the steps of experimental investigation and problem solving</div>
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3. General attitude and values elucidation objectives (behaviour). Make sure that life is respected in its integrity.</div>
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4. Time</div>
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120 hours divided between theory, tutorials and evaluation.</div>
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20 hours for homework </div>
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20 hours for tutorials</div>
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20 hours for links and reference consultation </div>
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20 hours for projects</div>
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40 hours for formative and final evaluation </div>
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5. Material </div>
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CD ROM</div>
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The computer and add-ons</div>
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Simulation software</div>
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Programs</div>
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<br /></div>
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Introduction</div>
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Webinars</div>
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Self Learning Programs</div>
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Workshops</div>
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Certificate/Diploma Programs</div>
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Degree Programs</div>
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B. Ed. Mathematics</div>
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B. Ed. Physics</div>
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B. Ed. Chemistry</div>
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B. Ed. Biology</div>
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Consortium Programs</div>
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Joint Programs</div>
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Hosted Programs</div>
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MyAVU Virtual Classroom</div>
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</div>
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eererhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13447706179354906582noreply@blogger.com0